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advanced-wireless [2022/03/09 15:44] – [802.11n Preamble] hogwildadvanced-wireless [2024/03/02 18:01] (current) – [Advanced Wireless] Fix Network link hogwild
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 ====== Advanced Wireless ====== ====== Advanced Wireless ======
  
-The Advanced Wireless menu contains settings for advanced tuning of Wi-Fi interfaces. Changing these settings from the defaults is not recommended unless you are experienced with advanced Wi-Fi settings. All default settings in the dropdown menus on this page are noted with an asterisk (*). For basic Wi-Fi settings, see the wiki page for the [[network|Network]] menu. \\ +The Advanced Wireless menu contains settings for advanced tuning of WiFi interfaces. Changing settings from defaults is not recommended unless you are experienced with advanced WiFi settings. Default dropdown settings are noted with an asterisk (*). For basic WiFi settings, see the the [[:basic-network|Network]] menu wiki page. \\ \\   \\ {{:pasted:20220309-082430.png}} \\   \\ 
- \\ +
-{{:pasted:20220309-082430.png}} \\ +
- \\+
  
 ==== Afterburner ==== ==== Afterburner ====
 +
 +(Note: only supported on MIPS RT & RT-N branch/images, NOT ARM)
  
 Enabling Afterburner turns on support for Broadcom's frame-bursting and compression technology to improve 802.11g wireless throughput. This feature is also known as //125 High Speed Mode// (or //125HSM//) and goes by other names with other hardware vendors. Theoretically, this boosts signalling rates to 125 MB/s. Realistically, one can expect 30-40 Mb/s throughput in real world environments. Since this is a proprietary protocol extension, effectiveness will vary depending on the client device maker as well. Enabling Afterburner turns on support for Broadcom's frame-bursting and compression technology to improve 802.11g wireless throughput. This feature is also known as //125 High Speed Mode// (or //125HSM//) and goes by other names with other hardware vendors. Theoretically, this boosts signalling rates to 125 MB/s. Realistically, one can expect 30-40 Mb/s throughput in real world environments. Since this is a proprietary protocol extension, effectiveness will vary depending on the client device maker as well.
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Disable *   * Disable *
   * Enable   * Enable
   * Auto   * Auto
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Authentication Type ==== ==== Authentication Type ====
  
-This option controls whether clients must use shared keys to authenticate. Shared Key is disabled in some wireless security modes, for compatibility.+This option controls whether clients must use shared keys to authenticate. Shared Key is disabled in some wireless security modes, for compatibility reasons.
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Auto *   * Auto *
   * Shared Key   * Shared Key
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Protected Management Frames ==== ==== Protected Management Frames ====
  
-Three configuration options exist for Protected Management Frames (PMF). [Note: Protected Management Frame (PMF) feature is also known as Management Frame Protection (MFP)]+(Default: Off).
  
-Options:+Protected Management Frames (PMF), or Management Frame Protection (MFP). Support for this (ARM-only) option started with release 2021.6.
  
-  * Disable * +  * Disable * - Choosing this turns off PMF. 
-  * Capable (Note: wireless clients, capable of PMF or not, can connect to the network --> Please check your wireless clients for connectivity problems!) +  * Capable - This allows all WiFi clients to connect to the network, whether or not they're PMF-capable.  \\ Check your wireless clients for connectivity problems. 
-  * Required (Note: Only PMF-capable clients can connect to the network)+  * Required Only PMF-capable WiFi clients can connect to the network.
  
-By default, this wireless security enhancement option is disabled because not all wireless clients support it. Support for this option is available starting with release 2021.6 (only for ARM hardware). \\ + \\ Protected Management Frames (PMF) provide security for unicast and multicast management action frames. PMF prevents unicast management action frames from eavesdropping and forging. It also prevents forged multicast management action frames. PMF augments existing privacy protections for data frames with mechanisms that improve the resilience of mission-critical networks. 
- \\+ 
 +By default, this feature is disabled because not all wireless clients support it.
  
-{{:pasted:20220309-082608.png}} \\ 
  \\  \\
 +
  
 ==== Basic Rate ==== ==== Basic Rate ====
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 The //Basic Rate Set// is a list of rates at which the router reports it can sync. with wireless client devices. A router regularly broadcasts the Basic Rate Set in its beacon packets. In this way, wireless clients in your network know which rates will be used. The Router will also advertise that it will automatically select the best rate for transmission. The //Basic Rate Set// is a list of rates at which the router reports it can sync. with wireless client devices. A router regularly broadcasts the Basic Rate Set in its beacon packets. In this way, wireless clients in your network know which rates will be used. The Router will also advertise that it will automatically select the best rate for transmission.
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Default *   * Default *
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   * All   * All
  
-**Default:**  Tomato advertises that it can sync. at all //standard// wireless rates. This includes: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps in addition to the 802.11b rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11Mbps.+ \\ **Default:**  Tomato advertises it can sync. at all //standard// wireless rates, including 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mbps, and 802.11b rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps.
  
 **1-2 Mbps:**  This setting is sometimes required for compatibility with 802.11b clients, if they don't connect via the Default setting. **1-2 Mbps:**  This setting is sometimes required for compatibility with 802.11b clients, if they don't connect via the Default setting.
  
-**All:**  This setting makes Tomato advertise all wireless rates supported in hardware.  \\+**All:**  This setting makes Tomato advertise all wireless rates supported in hardware.  \\  \\ 
 + 
 +{{:pasted:20220309-082608.png|:pasted:20220309-082608.png}} 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Beacon Interval ==== ==== Beacon Interval ====
  
-This specifies the period of time between one beacon broadcast and the next. A beacon is a packet broadcast by the router to synchronize the wireless network and serve other administrative functions. (Default: 100 ms).+(Default: 100 ms). 
 + 
 +This specifies the time period between one beacon broadcast and the next. A beacon is a packet broadcast by the router to synchronize the wireless network and serve administrative functions. Beacons typically include information such as the SSID, Timestamp, various parameters and the router's available services. 
 + 
 +Beacons use up some network bandwidth that could be used for transmission of actual user data. Therefore, using a higher value (more time between beacon broadcastsmay achieve better throughput on your network. 
 + 
 +Using higher beacon values may also extend the battery life of some mobile client devices. This is because WiFi adapters are able to “sleep” in between beacon broadcasts. When beacons are less frequent, your devices have more time to sleep, saving energy in the process. Thus, battery life increases. 
 + 
 +Setting a lower beacon interval allows faster router discovery. When the router sends beacons more frequently, clients can discover it more quickly. This can help with weak signals and poor reception environments. After all, the more frequenlty beacons are sent, the better the chance client devices will receive them. This can also be helpful when you are using roaming features, with multiple APs. It allows the client devices to better choose which AP to connect to. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== CTS Protection Mode ==== ==== CTS Protection Mode ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Disable *   * Disable *
-  * Auto+  * Auto - Determines which computer can reach the router at a specific time \\ through CTS and its send (RTS) packet.
  
-This function could more appropriately be called RTS/CTS Protection Mode. Wireless client devices transmitting to a router cannot detect when other devices on the same network are also transmitting. When more than one client transmits at a time, data collisions occur. The router is then forced to discard data from both clients. This increases error rates and reduces speed. When Clear-to-Send Protection is on, a computer must send a //RTS//  (Request to Send) frame to the router. This is basically a request to be allowed to transmit at that moment in time. In return, the router must send back a //Clear-To-Send//  frame indicating the client can send data. In this way, CTS Protection Mode determines the order in which computers contact the access point/router. Typically, CTS frames are not sent/needed until the client has a data frame to send that meets a certain size threshold. That threshold frame size can be set in the //RTS Threshold//  field. See below for details about that setting. CTS is typically used for 802.11b/g/n/ac protocols. RTS-CTS is typically used with 802.11a/b/g protocols.+ \\ 
 + 
 +This function could more appropriately be called RTS/CTS Protection Mode. Wireless client devices transmitting to a router cannot detect when other devices on the same network are also transmitting. When more than one client transmits at a time, data collisions occur. The router is then forced to discard data from both clients. This increases error rates and reduces speed. 
 + 
 +When Clear-to-Send Protection is on, a computer must send a //RTS//  (Request to Send) frame to the router. This is basically a request to be allowed to transmit at that moment. In return, the router must send back a //Clear-To-Send//  frame indicating the client can send data. In this way, CTS Protection Mode determines the order in which computers contact the access router. Typically, CTS frames are not needed until the client has a data frame to send that meets a size threshold. That threshold frame size can be set in the //RTS Threshold// field. See below for details. 
 + 
 +CTS is typically used for 802.11b/g/n/ac protocols. RTS-CTS is typically used with 802.11a/b/g protocols. 
 + 
 +Disable is the recommended setting, as well-designed networks rarely need it. However, if you experience lots of physical layer collisions, try enabling this and tuning the //RTS Threshold//  setting. 
 + 
 + \\
  
-Auto: determines which computer can reach the FreshTomato router at a specific time through CTS and its send (RTS) packet. Disabled is the recommended setting, since well-designed networks rarely need it. However, if you are experiencing lots of physical layer collisions, then you might try enabling this and tuning the //RTS Threshold//  setting. 
  
 ==== Regulatory Mode ==== ==== Regulatory Mode ====
  
-Options:+This option lets you choose which wireless standards are followed. 
 + 
 + \\
  
   * Off *   * Off *
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   * 802.11h   * 802.11h
  
-This option lets you choose which wireless standards are followed. Countries (usually adjoining) that share a common set of regulations are referred to in the 802.11 specification as //regulatory domains//. Four major regulatory bodies have authority over almost all of the world's technology regulations:+ \\ Countries which share a common set of regulations are called //regulatory domains// in the 802.11 specification. Four major regulatory bodies have authority over almost all of the world's technology regulations: 
 + 
 + \\
  
   - Federal Communications Commission or "FCC" (USA)   - Federal Communications Commission or "FCC" (USA)
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   - (South) Korea Communications Commission (KCC)   - (South) Korea Communications Commission (KCC)
  
-Each domain has strict regulations for parameters such as antenna gain, transmit power, channel selection. Many countries choose to adhere to the standards completely. A few countries modify an existing standard to their own unique needs. This can create complications. \\  \\ **802.11d:**  This supplemental standard adds the requirements and definitions necessary to allow 802.11 wireless equipment to operate in markets //not//  served by the current standard. This includes anywhere other than the Americas (FCC), Europe (ETSI), Japan (TELEC), China, Israel, Singapore, and Taiwan.<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup>+ \\ 
 + 
 +Each domain has strict regulations for parameters like antenna gain, transmit power, channel selection. Many countries adhere to the standards completely. A few countries modify an existing standard to their unique needs. This can create complications. \\  \\ **802.11d:**  This supplemental standard adds requirements and definitions necessary to allow 802.11 equipment to operate in markets //not//  served by the current standard. This includes anywhere outside the Americas (FCC), Europe (ETSI), Japan (TELEC), China, Israel, Singapore, and Taiwan.<sup>[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11d-2001#cite_note-1|[1]]]</sup> 
 + 
 +**802.11h: **  802.11h is the standard for Spectrum and Transmit Power Management Extensions. It solves problems like interference with satellites and radar using the same 5 GHz frequency band. The standard provides Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) to the IEEE 802.11a MAC layer.
  
-**802.11h: **  802.11h is the IEEE standard for Spectrum and Transmit Power Management Extensions. It solves problems like interference with satellites and radar using the same 5 GHz frequency band. The standard provides Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and Transmit Power Control (TPC) to the IEEE 802.11a MAC. (Media Access Control layer). \\ 
- \\ 
-{{:pasted:20220309-082745.png}} \\ 
  \\  \\
 +
  
 ==== Country / Region ==== ==== Country / Region ====
  
-(Default: Singapore / 12)+(Default: Singapore / 12) [ARM]
  
-Country code AND rev(ision) define the possible channel list, power and other regulations for each country. The current wireless driver (year 2020 and newer) supports approximately 290 countries and 2000 combinations of country code and revision.+The Country / Region AND Country Rev(ision) codes define the possible channel list, power and other regulations for each country. The current wireless driver (year 2020 and newer) supports approximately 290 countries and 2000 combinations of country code and revision.
  
-//Example Country / Region and Country Rev choices://+Please See: [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?threads/country-code-country-rev-collection-for-freshtomato.77788/|Country Code / Country Rev Collection for FreshTomato]] \\   \\   \\  {{:pasted:20220309-082745.png|:pasted:20220309-082745.png}}
  
-  * CY 4 - Country: CY (Cyprus) AND Country Rev: 4 + \\ 
-  * CZ 4 - Country: CZ (Czech Republic) AND Country Rev: 4 + 
-  * EU / 13 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 13 +Some Country Rev combinations are invalid, and don't work together. 
-  * EU / 33 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 33 + 
-  * EU / 53 Country: EU (EuropeAND Country Rev: 53 +For example, on ARM routers, setting Country to USA by just changing Country to "US" and leaving Revision set to "12" is invalid. You need to change Country / Region to "US" and revision to "0" for a valid combination. Using an invalid combination can cause problems with WiFi functioning. 
-  * EU / 78 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 78 + 
-  * DE / 7 - Country: DE (Germany) AND Country Rev+\\ 
-  * PL / 4 CountryPL (PolandAND Country Rev: 4 + 
-  * FR - Country: FR (France) AND Country Rev: +//SDK6 Example Country / Region and Country Rev choices (ARM Routers):// 
-  * GB / 6 - Country: GB (Great Britain) AND Country Rev+ 
-  * FI / 4 Country: FI (FinlandAND Country Rev: 4 +  * EU / 13 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 13 (Asus defaults for Germany and SDK6 routers: RT-N18U, RT-AC56U, RT-AC68U C1) 
-  * HU - Country: HU (Hungary) AND Country Rev: +  * EU / 13 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 13 (Asus defaults for Germany and SDK6 routers: RT-N18U, RT-AC56U, RT-AC68U C1
-  * ES / 4 - Country: ES (Spain) AND Country Rev+  * EU / 13 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 13 (Asus defaults for UK [alias "EU"] and SDK6 routersRT-AC68U C1 - Bought inUK
-  * IT / 4 Country: IT (ItalyAND Country Rev: 4 +  * EU 33 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 33 (Asus defaults for Germany and SDK6 routerRT-AC66U_B1
-  * US / 0 - Country: US (USA) AND Country Rev: 0 +  * US   0 - Country: US (USA) AND Country Rev: 0       (Asus defaults for USA and SDK6 routersRT-AC68U A1/A2
-  * Q2 96 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 96 (Asus default setup for USA and SDK7 router RT-AC3200+  * US /   0 - Country: US (USA) AND Country Rev: 0       (Asus defaults for Canada and SDK6 router: RT-AC68U A2 - Bought in: Canada) 
-  * Q2 / 33 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 33 (Asus default setup for USA and SDK6 router RT-AC68U C1) +  * US 10 - Country: US (USA) AND Country Rev: 10     (Asus defaulst for USA and SDK6 routerRT-AC56U - Bought in: USA [CFE: 1.0.2.7]
-  * Q2 / 40 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 40 (Asus default setup for USA and SDK6 router RT-AC68U B1/B2) +  * Q2 / 33 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 33     (Asus defaults for USA and SDK6 routerRT-AC68U C1) 
-  * CA 223 - Country: CA (Canada) AND Country Rev: 223 +  * Q2 / 40 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 40     (Asus defaults for USA and SDK6 routerRT-AC68U B1/B2) 
-  * BR / 17 - Country: BR (Brazil) AND Country Rev17 +  * Q2 61 - Country: Q2 (USA) AND Country Rev: 61     (Asus defaults for USA and SDK6 routerRT-AC66U_B1 RT-AC1750_B1
-  * BR / 20 Country: BR (Brazil) AND Country Rev: 20 +  * CA 58 - Country: CA (Canada) AND Country Rev: 58 (Asus defaults for Canada and SDK6 routerRT-AC1900P)
-  * RU 50 Country: RU (RussiaAND Country Rev: 50 +
-  * CN 38 - Country: CN (China) AND Country Rev: 38 +
-  * CN / 224 - Country: CN (China) AND Country Rev224 +
-  * AU / 43 Country: AU (AustraliaAND Country Rev: 43 +
-  * AU / 44 - Country: AU (Australia) AND Country Rev: 44+
   * SG / 12 - Country: SG (Singapore) AND Country Rev: 12 (default *)   * SG / 12 - Country: SG (Singapore) AND Country Rev: 12 (default *)
  
-Some combinations of Country and revision codes are invalid, and will not work together. For example, if you set country to USA, and change only country to "US" and leave revision at "12" that would be invalid. You need to change country / region to "US" and country revision to "0" to have a working combination.+ \\
  
-Most users will be able to choose the correct settings from those in the Wireless menu. However, there are many more settings.+//SDK7 Example Country / Region and Country Rev choices (ARM Routers)://
  
-//Advanced users can see the complete list of settings and their code commit entries here:// \\  For SDK6 routers\\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/ffb286c7afa64b02bc2136d6bd67ba6f7f6b42b2|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/ffb286c7afa64b02bc2136d6bd67ba6f7f6b42b2]]+  * E0 989 - Country: E0 AND Country Rev: 989             (Asus default setup for UK [alias "E0"and SDK7 router RT-AC3200 - Bought inUK) 
 +  * Q2 /  96 - CountryQ2 (USA) AND Country Rev96    (Asus default setup for USA and SDK7 router RT-AC3200) 
 +  * SG  12 CountrySG (Singapore) AND Country Rev: 12 (Default *)
  
-For SDK7 routers: \\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/92da4ad49c2df3bc6d17f58c1b564891ce87a048|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/92da4ad49c2df3bc6d17f58c1b564891ce87a048]]+ \\
  
-For examplefor SDK6 (ARM models only) builds and country USA, open file "wlc_clm_data.c" \\  (sysdeps/RT-AC68U/clm/src/wlc_clm_data.cand go to line ~98738. There, you will see the following:  \\   \\+//SDK714 Example Country / Region and Country Rev choices (ARM Routers):// 
 + 
 +  * E0 / 946 - Country: E0 AND Country Rev: 946            (Asus default setup for Germany [alias "E0"] and SDK714 router RT-AC5300) 
 +  * Q2 / 992 - Country: Q2 AND Country Rev: 992           (Asus default setup for USA [alias "Q2"] and SDK714 router RT-AC3100) 
 +  * Q1 / 984 - Country: Q1 AND Country Rev: 984           (Asus default setup for USA [alias "Q1"] and SDK714 router RT-AC5300) 
 +  * TBD. - CFE default value used 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +//Example Country / Region and Country Rev choices (MIPS Routers, RT-N and RT-AC):// 
 + 
 +  * EU /   4 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 4 
 +  * EU / 13 - Country: EU (Europe) AND Country Rev: 13 
 +  * PL /    2 - Country: PL (Poland) AND Country Rev: 2 
 +  * DE /   3 - Country: DE (Germany) AND Country Rev: 3 
 +  * US / 10 - Country: US (USA) AND Country Rev: 10 
 +  * CN /   1 - Country: CN (China) AND Country Rev: 1 
 +  * TW /   4 - Country: TW (Taiwan) AND Country Rev: 4 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +//Advanced users can see the complete list of settings and their code commit entries here:// 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +SDK6 ARM routers: \\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/ffb286c7afa64b02bc2136d6bd67ba6f7f6b42b2|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/ffb286c7afa64b02bc2136d6bd67ba6f7f6b42b2]] 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +SDK7 ARM routers: \\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/92da4ad49c2df3bc6d17f58c1b564891ce87a048|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/92da4ad49c2df3bc6d17f58c1b564891ce87a048]] 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +SDK714 ARM routers: Not yet available. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +SDK5 Mips (RT-N) routers: \\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-mips/commits/5c72e2e4753e2e2db86c519fa5d89f18ee555aff|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-mips/commits/5c72e2e4753e2e2db86c519fa5d89f18ee555aff]] \\ 
 + 
 +MIPS SDK5 (RT) builds, there is only a Country setting. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +SDK6 MIPS (RT-AC) routers: \\ [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-mips/commits/65128b4b2de5c677349dcbd7fe018e23e45c8bba|https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-mips/commits/65128b4b2de5c677349dcbd7fe018e23e45c8bba]] 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +For examplefor SDK6 (ARM models/buildsand countryUSA, open file "wlc_clm_data.c" in directory:\\ "sysdeps/RT-AC68U/clm/src/wlc_clm_data.cand go to line ~98738. You should see the following:  \\   \\
  
 <code -> <code ->
Line 158: Line 240:
 </code> </code>
  
- \\   \\ The comment field on the right contains valid country and revision combinations. You can see that country "US" and country rev "12" is NOT a valid setting for the wireless driver. Do not use "#a" or "#r"They are special values for testing and not for regular use.+ \\   \\ The comment field on the right contains valid Country / Revision combinations. Notice that Country: "US" and Country Rev: "12" is NOT a valid setting for the WiFi driver. Do not use "#a" or "#r"These are special values designed only for testing purposes.
  
-NOTE: For MIPS SDK5 (RT and RT-N) builds, there is currently only a country selection setting. Starting with MIPS SDK6 (RT-AC) builds and all ARM-Branches/Versions you will need to choose a country and a country rev. This applies to release 2020-6 and later**.**+\\ Starting with MIPS SDK6 (RT-AC) builds and all ARM Branches/Versions you must choose a Country and a Country Revision. This applies to releases 2020.6 and later. With release 2022.4 and later, you will need to choose a Country and Revison code for RT-N models also.
  
-==== Country Rev ====+ \\ 
 + 
 +**Note for Asus models:** To check the Country / Revision combination stored in the bootloader (the factory default value), use the following system commands.
  
-See the Country/Region section above. Revision settings only exist in FreshTomato **2020-6 and later**. \\ 
  \\  \\
-{{:pasted:20220309-082841.png}} \\+ 
 +For example, on an RT-AC66U_B1 ARM router: 
  \\  \\
 +
 +<code ->
 +root@RT-AC66U_B1:/tmp/home/root# cat /dev/mtd0ro | grep ccode
 +0:ccode=EU
 +1:ccode=EU
 +root@RT-AC66U_B1:/tmp/home/root# cat /dev/mtd0ro | grep regrev
 +0:regrev=33
 +1:regrev=33
 +root@RT-AC66U_B1:/tmp/home/root#
 +</code>
 +
 + \\
 +
 +On some older routers, some combinations may no longer be supported by the WiFi driver. For example, see: [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?threads/how-to-improve-wireless-signal-strength.77642/page-2#post-338960|example]].
 +
 + \\
 +
 +To check the current wireless country setup:
 +
 + \\
 +
 +<code ->
 +root@R7000:/tmp/home/root# wl -i eth1 country
 +DE (DE/7) GERMANY
 +root@R7000:/tmp/home/root# wl -i eth2 country
 +DE (DE/7) GERMANY
 +root@R7000:/tmp/home/root#
 +</code>
 +
 + \\
 +
 +
 +==== Country Revision ====
 +
 +For an explanation of this setting, see the Country/Region section above. The Revision setting exists only in releases 2020.6 and later. On MIPS SDK5 (RT-N) models, the setting exists starting with release 2022.4.
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Bluetooth Coexistence ==== ==== Bluetooth Coexistence ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Disable *   * Disable *
Line 177: Line 300:
   * Preemption   * Preemption
  
-Bluetooth and 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi radio waves can interfere with each other, since both operate on the same (2.4 GHz) frequency band. Choosing **Enable** can help to reduce that interference, by asking the Bluetooth devices to take turns using the same channels as your Wi-Fi.+\\ 
 + 
 +{{:pasted:20220309-082841.png| :pasted:20220309-082841.png}} 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +Bluetooth and 2.4 GHz WiFi radio waves can interfere with each other, since both operate on the same band. Choosing **Enable** can help to reduce that interference, by asking the Bluetooth devices to take turns using the same channels as your WiFi.
  
 The **Preemptive** function will make FreshTomato inform the Bluetooth device about which Bluetooth channel it's operating on. The Bluetooth device can then mark that channel as "in use" and use alternate channels for its own communications. The **Preemptive** function will make FreshTomato inform the Bluetooth device about which Bluetooth channel it's operating on. The Bluetooth device can then mark that channel as "in use" and use alternate channels for its own communications.
Line 183: Line 312:
 The Bluetooth devices must support the Bluetooth Coexistence function, or they will be unable to share nicely and this option will have no effect. The Bluetooth devices must support the Bluetooth Coexistence function, or they will be unable to share nicely and this option will have no effect.
  
-NOTE: This option is available only on 2.4GHz.+This option is available only on the 2.4GHz interface. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Distance / ACK Timing ==== ==== Distance / ACK Timing ====
Line 194: Line 326:
  
 However, higher ACK Timing comes at the cost of lower throughput. If set too high, packets could be lost as the router waits for the ACK window to timeout for ACK frames that were never going to arrive. It will also resend the "unacknowledged" packet to the client, thinking it might not have received it yet. If ACK Timing is too low, the router may drop returning ACK frames too early, and again resend the original "unacknowledged" packet. This too might lower throughput. However, higher ACK Timing comes at the cost of lower throughput. If set too high, packets could be lost as the router waits for the ACK window to timeout for ACK frames that were never going to arrive. It will also resend the "unacknowledged" packet to the client, thinking it might not have received it yet. If ACK Timing is too low, the router may drop returning ACK frames too early, and again resend the original "unacknowledged" packet. This too might lower throughput.
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Roaming Assistant ==== ==== Roaming Assistant ====
  
-(Default: 0 [Off])+(Default: 0 / Disabled)
  
-After enabling the Roaming Assistant, you can define the value for disconnecting clients with RSSI lower than -XY dBm (Valid range: -90 to -45) from your wireless radio unit (eth1/eth2/eth3).+This function allows you "kick" users with a weak signal signal strength at or below at value you set, off the WiFi network. After enabling the Roaming Assistant, you can define the value for disconnecting clients with RSSI lower than -XY dBm (Valid range: -90 to -45) from your WiFi radio interface (eth1/eth2/eth3). 
 + 
 +Support for this option started with release 2022.1 (ARM & MIPS hardware; Some MIPS models may not include this setting). 
 + 
 + \\
  
-Support for this option is available starting with release 2022.1 (ARM & MIPS hardware; Some MIPS router may not include the option). 
  
 ==== DTIM Interval ==== ==== DTIM Interval ====
Line 214: Line 352:
   * Longer DTIM Intervals let clients sleep longer and save power. However, with the router waiting to send the data, it may have to buffer more of the broadcast/multicast data. The extra buffering could cause overruns if the router can't store all the data until it can be sent. Thus, longer intervals can slow throughput.   * Longer DTIM Intervals let clients sleep longer and save power. However, with the router waiting to send the data, it may have to buffer more of the broadcast/multicast data. The extra buffering could cause overruns if the router can't store all the data until it can be sent. Thus, longer intervals can slow throughput.
  
-In other wordswireless clients may have conflicting requirements for power consumption and communication throughput when in power-save mode.+ \\ In shortWiFi clients may have conflicting requirements for power consumption and communication throughput when in power-save mode. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Fragmentation Threshold ==== ==== Fragmentation Threshold ====
Line 220: Line 361:
 (Default: 2346) (Default: 2346)
  
-IP fragmentation is the process of the IP layer breaking down datagrams into smaller pieces (fragments). The destination host, or sometimes intermediate routers reassemble the fragmented pieces to make the message whole again. This is usually done to reduce the size of the datagrams so that the pieces can pass through a link with a smaller MTU than the original datagram size.+IP fragmentation occurs when the IP layer breaks down datagrams into smaller pieces (fragments). The destination host, or sometimes intermediate routers reassemble the fragments to make the message whole again. This is usually done to reduce the size of the datagrams so the pieces can pass through a link with a smaller MTU than the original datagram size.
  
-This option specifies the maximum size of datagram that can occur before it is fragmented into multiple datagrams. Similar to RTS Threshold, tuning the Fragmentation Threshold setting may reduce frequent collisions on the network. Too low values may cause poor network performance. The default setting is recommended. \\+This option specifies the maximum size of datagram that can occur before it'fragmented into multiple datagrams. Similar to RTS Threshold, tuning Fragmentation Threshold may reduce frequent collisions on the network. Too low values may cause poor network performance. The default setting is recommended. \\
  \\  \\
  
Line 229: Line 370:
 ==== Frame Burst ==== ==== Frame Burst ====
  
-Options+ \\
  
   * Disabled *   * Disabled *
   * Enabled   * Enabled
 +
 + \\
  
 Frame-bursting is a link layer protocol used to increase the throughput of connections on links between 802.11a/b/g/n hosts under certain network conditions. It does this by reducing the overhead used in the wireless session between hosts. It grew from standards first introduced in the 802.11e QoS specification for link layer connections. Frame-bursting is a link layer protocol used to increase the throughput of connections on links between 802.11a/b/g/n hosts under certain network conditions. It does this by reducing the overhead used in the wireless session between hosts. It grew from standards first introduced in the 802.11e QoS specification for link layer connections.
Line 238: Line 381:
 Network protocols for shared media are designed so that any host that has sent a MAC layer frame is then supposed to yield the medium and wait for a fixed period of time. This helps create a fair use of the medium by multiple users. Network protocols for shared media are designed so that any host that has sent a MAC layer frame is then supposed to yield the medium and wait for a fixed period of time. This helps create a fair use of the medium by multiple users.
  
-Frame bursting allows wireless clients to upload data at faster speeds by using the wait intervals between frames to "burst" a series of up to three frames before waiting the required period. As usual, there are compromises. Frame Burst can cause unfair allocation of airtime on networks where where only some clients support Frame Burst. The wait periods between frames were not originally designed to include data traffic. The recommended setting is Disabled, unless there are very few hosts on your network. Broadcom's implementation of this feature is called "Express Technology".+Frame bursting allows wireless clients to upload data at faster speeds by using the wait intervals between frames to "burst" a series of up to three frames before waiting the required period. As usual, there are compromises. Frame Burst can cause unfair allocation of airtime on networks where where only some clients support Frame Burst. The wait periods between frames were not originally designed to include data traffic. The recommended setting is Disabled, unless there are very few hosts on your network. Broadcom's implementation of this feature is called "Express Technology"\\   \\   \\  {{:pasted:20220309-083035.png}} 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Maximum Clients ==== ==== Maximum Clients ====
Line 244: Line 390:
 (Default: 128) (Default: 128)
  
-This specifies the maximum number of clients that can be connected to the wireless network. It is not recommened to increase this number, as the likely result will be an overloaded network with slow throughput. There is little harm in testing a lower number. This can be useful to reduce network traffic, or for security purposes.+This specifies the maximum number of clients that can be connected to the WiFi network. It is not reccomended to increase this number, as the likely result will be an overloaded network with slow throughput. There is little harm in testing a lower number. This can be useful to reduce network traffic, or for security purposes. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Multicast Rate ==== ==== Multicast Rate ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Auto *   * Auto *
Line 254: Line 403:
   * … up to   * … up to
   * 54 Mbps   * 54 Mbps
 +
 + \\
  
 This setting controls the rate at which hosts can send multicast packets to a multicast group. Traffic exceeding this rate is discarded. Optimizing this rate can lower collisions, especially when multiple devices or services are being run at the same time. Optimization may be essential for applications which stream video and corporate communications. This setting controls the rate at which hosts can send multicast packets to a multicast group. Traffic exceeding this rate is discarded. Optimizing this rate can lower collisions, especially when multiple devices or services are being run at the same time. Optimization may be essential for applications which stream video and corporate communications.
  
 For small, basic networks, the default should work fine. However, on larger networks, it's recommended that you adjust this setting. Typically, switching to the lowest setting is the quickest, easiest way to optimize your system. However, networks with more client devices will likely require higher settings to be effective. Setting this too high can impact performance, so you may need to test to ensure that your setting isn’t using up all of the bandwidth on just one device. For small, basic networks, the default should work fine. However, on larger networks, it's recommended that you adjust this setting. Typically, switching to the lowest setting is the quickest, easiest way to optimize your system. However, networks with more client devices will likely require higher settings to be effective. Setting this too high can impact performance, so you may need to test to ensure that your setting isn’t using up all of the bandwidth on just one device.
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Preamble ==== ==== Preamble ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Long *   * Long *
   * Short   * Short
  
-In wireless networking, the preamble (or "header") is a section of data at the head of data link layer frames which contains information wireless devices need to send and receive data. Part of the preamble involves the length of the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) block for communication between the router/AP and roaming wireless adapters. CRC is commonly used to detect data transmission errors. \\  \\ Generally, all wireless devices on the network should use the same preamble type. If they don't, they will have trouble communicating. On some legacy wireless equipment, Preamble type may bet set with a physical switch. Current hardware has this setting available in its web interface or command-line interface. \\  \\ The deafult setting is Long, to maintain compatibility with older equipment. Long preamble is also recommended for longer-distance connections or links with weak signals, since both require more extensive error checking. The Short preamble can be used on modern equipment which transmits strong signals in a fairly low-interference environment.+ \\ 
 + 
 +In wireless networking, the preamble (or "header") is a section of data at the head of data link layer frames which contains information wireless devices need to send and receive data. Part of the preamble involves the length of the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) block for communication between the router/AP and roaming wireless adapters. CRC is commonly used to detect data transmission errors. \\  \\ Generally, all WiFi devices on the LAN should use the same preamble type. If they don't, they will have trouble communicating. On some legacy wireless equipment, Preamble type may bet set with a physical switch. In current hardware, it is set via the web interface or command-line interface. \\  \\ The default setting is Long, to maintain compatibility with older equipment. Long preamble is also recommended for long-distance connections or links with weak signals, since both require more extensive error checking. The Short preamble can be used on modern gear which transmits strong signals in a low-interference environment. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== 802.11n Preamble ==== ==== 802.11n Preamble ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Auto   * Auto
Line 277: Line 436:
   * GF-BRCM   * GF-BRCM
  
-For an explanation of basic concepts of the wireless preamble, see the //Preamble//  section above.+ \\ 
 + 
 +For an explanation of wireless preamble basics, see the //Preamble//  section above.
  
 **Auto:**  TBD. **Auto:**  TBD.
  
-**Mixed Mode: **Mixed Mode transmissions can be decoded by 802.11a/g clients, providing backwards compatibility. In Mixed mode, 802.11n devices transmit a legacy format preamble, followed by an HT format preamble and a legacy radio signal. A Mixed mode device must also send legacy format CTS-to-Self or RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send) frames before transmitting. These mechanisms let other 802.11a/b/g devices sense a busy network medium and wait for another turn to transmit. This allows for backwards compatiblity with earlier protocols, but reduces throughput, compared with Greenfield, or GF-BRCM modes.+**Mixed Mode: **Mixed Mode transmissions can be decoded by 802.11a/g clients, for backwards compatibility. In Mixed mode, 802.11n devices transmit a legacy format preamble, followed by an HT format preamble and a legacy radio signal. A Mixed mode device must also send legacy format CTS-to-Self or RTS/CTS (Request to Send/Clear to Send) frames before transmitting. These mechanisms let other 802.11a/b/g devices sense a busy network medium and wait for another turn to transmit. This allows backwards compatibility with earlier protocols, but reduces throughput, compared with Greenfield, or GF-BRCM modes.
  
-**Greenfield: **This 802.11n mode is also known as "High Throughput" or "HT" mode. In this mode, the protocol improves efficiency by using a high throughput modulation method and a shorter preamble. Neither of these is supported on 802.11a/b/g devices. This preamble mode compromises backwards compatibility and can reduce throughput on some 802.11n devices not fully compatible with the standard.+**Greenfield: **This 802.11n mode is also known as "High Throughput" mode. In this mode, 802.11n improves efficiency by using a high throughput modulation method and a shorter preamble. Neither feature is supported on 802.11a/b/g devices. This preamble mode breaks backwards compatibility and can reduce throughput on some 802.11n devices not fully Greenfield-compatible. See the explanation of GF-BRCM below for a possible solution to such problems.
  
-**GF-BRCM: **TBD\\ +**GF-BRCM: **"Greenfield-Broadcom" is the Broadcom proprietary pre- or draft-802.11n implementation of Greenfield. Choosing this option may prevent problems with devices which are not fully Greenfield compliant.
- \\+
  
-{{:pasted:20220309-083807.png}} \\ 
  \\  \\
 +
  
 ==== Overlapping BSS Coexistence ==== ==== Overlapping BSS Coexistence ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Off *   Channel width settings will function as configured.   * Off *   Channel width settings will function as configured.
-  * On:  If Tomato detects interference, it will switch from use of 40 MHz channel width to 20MHz channel width.+  * On:  If FreshTomato detects interference, it will switch from use of 40 MHz channel width to 20MHz channel width. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +{{:pasted:20220309-083807.png}} 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +Overlapping BSS Coexistence is a feature to help prevent interference between WiFi networks. When you enable Overlapping BSS Coexistence, your router’s 2.4 GHz radio will use a 40 MHz channel (if it's configured that way) until it detects another router or AP using a 40 MHz channel width. When this happens, your router will fall back to using a 20 MHz channel to avoid interference with the "nearby" network(s). 
 + 
 +Depending on your network, disabling Overlapping BSS Coexistence might help your devices connect to the WiFi router at faster speeds. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== RTS Threshold ==== ==== RTS Threshold ====
Line 302: Line 475:
 (Default: 2347) (Default: 2347)
  
-When CTS (Clear-to-Send) Protection is on, a host must send an //RTS// (//Request-to-Send//) frame to the router to obtain permission to transmit data frames at that time. In return, the router must send back a //Clear-To-Send//  frame, indicating the client can send data. In this way, CTS Protection Mode determines the order in which computers contact the access point/router. Typically, CTS frames are not sent/needed until the client has a data frame to send that meets a certain size threshold. That threshold frame size is set here, in the //RTS Threshold// field.+When CTS (Clear-to-Send) Protection is on, a host must send an //RTS// (//Request-to-Send//) frame to the router to get permission to transmit data frames at that time. In return, the router must send back a //Clear-To-Send//  frame, indicating the client can send data. In this way, CTS Protection Mode determines the order in which computers contact the router. Typically, CTS frames aren'needed until the client has a data frame to send that meets a size threshold. The RTS Threshold is that threshold frame size. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Transmit Power ==== ==== Transmit Power ====
Line 308: Line 484:
 (Default: 0) (Default: 0)
  
-This allows you to override regulatory and other limitations and increase or lower the Transmit Power, in mW (milliwatts). The default setting is "0", which uses the regulated power level for your chosen country setting. It is recommended that before you increase Transmit Power to improve signal range, you try signal-reception solutions first, such as relocating your router/AP to a more central location, elevating it, or (if supported) using better, external higher gain antennas.+This lets you override regulatory and other limitations to increase or lower the Transmit Power, in milliwatts. The default setting of "0" uses the regulated power level for your chosen Country setting. Before you increase Transmit Power to improve signal range, you are advised to try signal-reception solutions first, such as relocating your router to a more central location, elevating it, or using higher gain, external antennas. 
 + 
 +Lowering Transmit Power can be useful for increasing security. For example, if power is too low to reach past the boundaries of your property, it will be harder for others outside your property to snoop on your connection. Lowering Transmit Power can also reduce interference received by other, nearby radio equipment. 
 + 
 + \\
  
-Lowering Transmit Power can be useful for increasing security. For example, if power is too low to reach past the boundaries of your property, it will be harder for others to snoop on your connection. Doing so could also reduce interference received by other, nearby radio equipment. 
  
 ==== Transmission Rate ==== ==== Transmission Rate ====
  
-The Transmission Rate is the rate at which data are being transerred between a router/AP and a wireless client device. Several factors affect Transmission Rate, including the WiFi protocol used for the connection, signal strength, channel width (in MHz), and the use of MIMO or SU-MIMO. This setting in FreshTomato is outdated and mostly applies to older protocols such as 802.11g. In general, it is recommended that you leave the setting on Auto.+The Transmission Rate is the rate at which data are being transerred between a router and a WiFi client device. Several factors affect Transmission Rate, including the WiFi protocol used, signal strength, channel width (in MHz), and the use of MIMO or SU-MIMO. This setting is outdated and mostly applies to older protocols such as 802.11g. In general, you are advised to leave the setting on Auto.
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Auto * (Default)   * Auto * (Default)
Line 322: Line 501:
   * … up to   * … up to
   * 54 Mbps   * 54 Mbps
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== AC-PHY Interference Mitigation ==== ==== AC-PHY Interference Mitigation ====
  
 This option is only available for wireless chipsets/ICs which support the 802.11**ac **protocol. This option is only available for wireless chipsets/ICs which support the 802.11**ac **protocol.
 +
 + \\
  
   * None * (default)   * None * (default)
Line 336: Line 520:
   * opt. 1 AND opt. 2 AND opt. 3 (All option enabled) \\   * opt. 1 AND opt. 2 AND opt. 3 (All option enabled) \\
  
-{{:pasted:20220309-083906.png}} \\+When Access Points/routers within radio range of each other are administered separately, their configured channels might overlap. Since AP's operate in an unregulated ISM frequency band, there also may be other equipment operating on or near the same ferquencies, such as microwave ovens, Bluetooth gear, or wireless keyboards and mice.
  
-==== Interference Mitigation ====+Starting with with WiFi protocol 802.11ac, AC-PHY Interference Mitigation mechanisms can use 3 different strategies, or combinations of them, to reduce interference from other "nearby" devices . Depending of which WiFi chipset/radio your router contains,\\ \\
  
-This sets the Wireless Interference Mitigation mode. This option is only available wireless chipsets/interfaces that do NOT support 802.11ac. For chipsets that support 802.11ac, please see the section titled "AC-PHY Interference Mitigation".+{{:pasted:20220309-083906.png}} \\    \\ \\  \\
  
-  * None * (default)+ 
 +==== Interference Mitigation (non-802.11ac) ==== 
 + 
 +This sets the Wireless Interference Mitigation mode. This option is only available wireless chipsets/interfaces that do NOT support 802.11ac. For chipsets that support 802.11ac, please see the section titled "//AC-PHY Interference Mitigation//"
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +  * None * (Default)
   * Non-WLAN   * Non-WLAN
   * WLAN Manual   * WLAN Manual
   * WLAN Auto   * WLAN Auto
   * WLAN Auto with Noise Reduction   * WLAN Auto with Noise Reduction
 +
 + \\
  
 **None:** This setting is recommended if there are no other "nearby" electronic devices that may cause interference. **None:** This setting is recommended if there are no other "nearby" electronic devices that may cause interference.
  
-**Non-WLAN:** Use this setting if the primary source of interference in your area are non-Wireless LAN devices, such as cordless phones, microwaves and so on.+**Non-WLAN:** Use this if the main source of your interference is non-Wireless LAN devices, such as cordless phones, microwaves and so on.
  
 **WLAN Manual:** This activates interference mitigation against other Wireless LAN Access Points. **WLAN Manual:** This activates interference mitigation against other Wireless LAN Access Points.
  
-**WLAN Auto:** This is similar to WLAN Manual, but activates mitigation only if FreshTomato detects other wireless APs transmitting at the time. The //WLAN Auto// selection seems to work better in most cases, but consider disabling the mitigation if you experience wireless stability issues. Caution is advised before using this feature. It has been responsible for instability and poor throughput.+**WLAN Auto:** Similar to WLAN Manual, this activates mitigation only if FreshTomato detects other APs transmitting at the same time. This seems to work better in most cases, but consider disabling it if you get WiFi stability issues. It has been known to cause instability and poor throughput. 
 + 
 +**WLAN Auto with Noise Reduction:** 
 + 
 + \\
  
  
 ==== WMM ==== ==== WMM ====
  
-Wireless Multimedia options:+ \\
  
   * Auto   * Auto
   * Disable   * Disable
-  * Enable * (default and also recommended setup)+  * Enable * (Default / recommended) 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +Wireless MultiMedia is a best-effort form of QoS that maintains the priority of audio, video and voice applications over others which are less time critical. WMM ensures that applications that need better throughput and performance are inserted with a higher position in priority queues. 
 + 
 +For example, video and audio applications would get higher priority over a file transfer application. Setting priorities this way would prevent the parties in a (VoIP) phone conversation from experiencing delays, as the network would ensure packets arrive on time. Someone watching a video would be more likely to see smooth action. 
 + 
 +However, WMM can be very data demanding. With older WiFi protocols, such as  (802.11b, a, g ) it may use too much bandwidth. For this reason, you can disable it to free up usable bandwidth. 
 + 
 +However, WMM is a requirement of the 802.11n, 802.11ac and 802.11ax specifications. Disabling it will cause fully WMM-compliant clients to fall back to 802.11a/g legacy rates (of 54 Megabits/second). 
 + 
 +Also note that if you some Apple products, such as iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, or Apple TV may not be able to connect to WiFi via the 802.1 protocl unless WMM is enabled.\\  \\
  
-Note: Disabling WMM will/should result in clients falling back to 802.11a/g rates (54 Mbit/s). 
  
 ==== No ACK ==== ==== No ACK ====
  
-ACKnowledgement frames are sent on networks to acknowledge receipt of data frames. This allows applicable protocols to guarantee data delivery. However, it can also slow throughput. If acknowledgements are not necessary, and the network is reliable enough without them, disabling acknowledgements may improve throughput. Caution is advised before enabllng this setting.+ACKnowledgement frames are sent on networks to acknowledge receipt of data frames. This allows applicable protocols to guarantee data delivery. However, it can also slow throughput. If your network is reliable enough without acknowledgements, disabling them may improve throughput. Caution is advised before enabling this setting. 
 + 
 + \\
  
   * Enable   * Enable
-  * Disable *  (Default).+  * Disable *  (Default) 
 + 
 + \\
  
  
Line 378: Line 590:
  
 Automatic Power Save Delivery options: Automatic Power Save Delivery options:
 +
 + \\
  
   * Disable   * Disable
-  * Enable * (default)+  * Enable * (Default) 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +When your client device's WiFi adapter enters into power saving mode or “sleep” mode, FreshTomato can buffer data and hold it for your mobile devices with the WMM APSD function. This can help to save power, which is especially important for battery-powered devices. This feature can also reduce the latency of traffic flow to/from WiFi clients. 
 + 
 +There are two types of APSD power saving features. with U-APSD (Unscheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery), your client devices signal the router to transmit any buffered data. 
 + 
 +With S-APSD (Scheduled Automatic Power Save Delivery), the router sends buffered data on a fixed schedule known to the power-saving device without any signal from the client device. 
 + 
 + \\ 
  
 ==== Wireless Multicast Forwarding ==== ==== Wireless Multicast Forwarding ====
  
-Options:+ \\
  
   * Disable * (default)   * Disable * (default)
   * Enable   * Enable
  
-==== Turbo QAM ====+ \\ 
 + 
 +{{:ft_wl_advanced_turbo_qam.png}} 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 + 
 +==== Modulation Scheme ==== 
 + 
 +(Note: was called Turbo QAM up to 2022.7)
  
 This setting will enable Turbo QAM, Broadcom's name for 256-QAM. Do not confuse this with Broadcom's other Turbo QAM, a modulation scheme used for cablemodem technology. (Requires Wireless Network Mode set to Auto) This setting will enable Turbo QAM, Broadcom's name for 256-QAM. Do not confuse this with Broadcom's other Turbo QAM, a modulation scheme used for cablemodem technology. (Requires Wireless Network Mode set to Auto)
Line 395: Line 629:
 Turbo QAM, or 256-QAM is a modulation method in which the two carrier signals are shifted in phase by 90 degrees. These two signals are then modulated and combined. The 90° difference in phase between the two signals means they are "in quadrature". Turbo QAM, or 256-QAM is a modulation method in which the two carrier signals are shifted in phase by 90 degrees. These two signals are then modulated and combined. The 90° difference in phase between the two signals means they are "in quadrature".
  
-In theory, this modulation method makes it possible to transmit more bits per symbol, and thus increase data rates. In reality, most claims of big increases in transfer rates are likely exaggerated. QAM links are more susceptible to noise. As a result, Turbo QAM is generally only useful in very low-noise/interference wireless environments. Many people report it being effective on line-of-sight links of up to about 25 feet. Vendors claim the range with Turbo QAM may improve when beamforming is used. You may need to experiment to see what works best on your network. \\+In theory, this modulation method makes it possible to transmit more bits per symbol, and thus increase data rates. In reality, most claims of big increases in transfer rates are likely exaggerated. QAM links are more susceptible to noise. As a result, Turbo QAM is generally only useful in very low-noise/interference wireless environments. Many people report it being effective on line-of-sight links of up to about 25 feet. Vendors claim the range with Turbo QAM may improve when beamforming is used. You may need to experiment to see what works best on your network. \\ \\  NitroQAM/1024-QAM is only available for SDK714 Routers like the RT-AC5300, RT-AC3100 or RT-AC88U.\\   \\ 
 + 
 +{{:pasted:20220309-083958.png}} \\  \\  \\  \\
  
-{{:pasted:20220309-083958.png}} \\ 
  
 ==== Explicit beamforming ==== ==== Explicit beamforming ====
  
-Checking this enables Explicit beamforming technology. Traditionally, most Wi-Fi routers and access points have included omnidirectional antennas. These radiate radio energy equally in all directions. This is not always the most effective/efficient way to exchange radio signals with a client device. Much of the signal goes off in directions other than the client or other device. Explicit beamforming improves on this.+Checking this enables Explicit beamforming technology. Traditionally, most WiFi routers and access points have included omnidirectional antennas. These radiate radio energy equally in all directions. This is not always the most effective/efficient way to exchange radio signals with a client device. Much of the signal goes off in directions other than the client or other device. Explicit beamforming improves on this.
  
 Beamforming radiates signals towards the receiver, instead of in an omnidirectional pattern. If the hardware has adequate information to send the radio energy in one particular direction, it will do so. The result can be an increase the signal-to-noise ratio and data rates between the two devices. Beamforming radiates signals towards the receiver, instead of in an omnidirectional pattern. If the hardware has adequate information to send the radio energy in one particular direction, it will do so. The result can be an increase the signal-to-noise ratio and data rates between the two devices.
  
-Beamforming was introduced starting with 802.11n. but vendors used different standards. This meant beamforming made little differnece in performance. With 802.11ac, the beamforming method was standardized (Explicit). Compatibility across vendors is good. Explicit beamforming requires both client and router/Access point to support the feature. If both devices support it, they'll use a handshake at the beginning of their session to help establish their respective locations and the channel on which they'll communicate.+Beamforming was introduced starting with 802.11n. but vendors used different standards. This meant beamforming made little difference in performance. With 802.11ac, the beamforming method was standardized (Explicit). Compatibility across vendors is good. Explicit beamforming requires both client and router/Access point to support the feature. If both devices support it, they'll use a handshake at the beginning of their session to help establish their respective locations and the channel on which they'll communicate.
  
 Beamforming works best at medium range. At short range, the signal power is high enough that the signal-to-noise ratio will support the maximum data rate. At long ranges, beamforming does not offer gains over an omnidirectional antenna. Beamforming works best at medium range. At short range, the signal power is high enough that the signal-to-noise ratio will support the maximum data rate. At long ranges, beamforming does not offer gains over an omnidirectional antenna.
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Universal/Implicit beamforming ==== ==== Universal/Implicit beamforming ====
  
-Beamforming is a performance feature included in Wi-Fi protocols starting with 802.11n.  Beamforming radiates signals more directly towards the receiver, instead of in an omnidirectional pattern, like older equipment. This can result in a higher signal-to-noise ratio and data rates between the two devices exchanging data.+Beamforming is a performance feature included in WiFi protocols starting with 802.11n.  Beamforming radiates signals more directly towards the receiver, instead of in an omnidirectional pattern, like older equipment. This can result in a higher signal-to-noise ratio and faster data rates between the two devices exchanging data.
  
-Traditionally, most Wi-Fi routers and access points included omnidirectional antennas. These radiate radio energy equally in all directions. This is not the most effective/efficient way to exchange radio signals to another device. Much of the signal goes off in directions away from the or other wireless device.+Traditionally, most WiFi routers and access points included omnidirectional antennas. These radiate radio energy equally in all directions. This is not the most effective/efficient way to exchange radio signals to another device. Much of the signal goes off in directions away from the or other wireless device.
  
 With 802.11n, several beamforming methods were allowed, but no standard method existed. A lack of standardization meant beamforming usually provided little performance improvement. With 802.11n, several beamforming methods were allowed, but no standard method existed. A lack of standardization meant beamforming usually provided little performance improvement.
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 Both access points and clients (which support it) can use beamforming. However, the higher processing power and larger distance between antennas in routers/access points means that most beamforming performance gains should be expected in transmissions from router/AP to client. Both access points and clients (which support it) can use beamforming. However, the higher processing power and larger distance between antennas in routers/access points means that most beamforming performance gains should be expected in transmissions from router/AP to client.
 +
 + \\
 +
 +
 +==== Optimized for Xbox ====
 +
 + \\
 +
 +  * Disable * (Default will enable LDPC (Low-Density-Parity-Check) cap.)
 +  * Enable
 +
 + \\
 +
 +LDPC is a forward error correction capability that allows single bit errors to be automatically corrected. Starting with 802.11n, LDPC was added as an optional capability that must be negotiated as part of the 802.11 association process. If LDPC is enabled, an AP will advertise that capability in its beacon packets.
 +
 +LDPC can increase signal-to-noise ratio, (SNR) approximately 1-2 dB, depending on specifics of the channel being used. When LDCP increases SNR, it can consequently improve data rates, and in doing so, reduce airtime utilization.
 +
 +Enabling Optimized for Xbox disables LDPC.
 +
 +Note: Align Option/Label name to AsusWRT (see [[https://bitbucket.org/pedro311/freshtomato-arm/commits/bd87236a5b031905ee6d4c224494159d2df41572|commit]])
 +
 + \\
 +
  
 ==== Air Time Fairness ==== ==== Air Time Fairness ====
  
-Enable/Provide Airtime Fairness between multiple links.+Generally, the relationship between Wifi (clients) and a broadcaster is generally first-come first-serve. Moreover, many broadcasters might take the slowest client's speed as the effective rate of all connected clients on the same band.
  
  
advanced-wireless.1646840644.txt.gz · Last modified: 2022/03/09 15:44 by hogwild