FreshTomato Wiki

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====== Network ======

The Network page includes most basic settings needed to configure the network. It is divided into sections including MultiWAN, WAN Settings, Ethernet Ports Configuration, LAN and Wireless setttings.

===== MultiWAN =====

{{:pasted:20220318-155543.png}}

 \\

**Number of WAN ports**: This lets you select the number of WAN ports to be used on the device.

On routers with only one physical WAN interface, options with more WAN ports will be greyed out. You can select only “1 WAN” on such devices.

 \\

**Tune route cache**: This is intended for MultiWAN configurations with load balancing.

This setting is advised when two or more WANs have a weight larger than "0". Basically, it uses kernel tweaks to improve workload sharing. For more details, see the [[basic-network#network_notes_and_troubleshooting|Notes]] section below.  \\  \\

**Check Connections Every: **This is an easy way for FreshTomato to automatically test WAN connection reliability. (Default: Disabled). Choosing any setting but [Disabled] will execute the Watchdog script. This sets how often the router pings to check it is still connected to the Internet.

The Watchdog script uses ping or traceroute to test WAN connection status.

Choosing a setting other than Disabled will make "Target 1" and "Target 2" fields appear.

  * Target 1 -** **Here, enter the address of the first host to ping regularly (Default: Google.com)
  * Target 2 - Here, enter the address of the second host to ping regularly (Default: Microsoft.com)\\   \\


==== WAN(x) Settings ====

Settings in this section are used to configure the WAN interface. These settings depend on your ISP.

Depending on the type selected, other settings specific to that type of connection will be shown or hidden.

**Type: **This sets the connection mode the WAN interface will use to connect to your ISP. (Default: DHCP).

  * **DHCP - **Your ISP's DHCP server will dynamically assign a WAN IP lease to FreshTomato. 
    * DHCP does not use authentication. \\  \\

  * **PPPoE - **The WAN port will respond to authentication requests from your ISP's PPPoE server.  
    * This is most often used for DSL networks.
    * This stores in FreshTomato the PPPoE username and password assigned by your ISP.
    * If authentication succeeds, the PPPoE server allows logon to the ISP network, and a DHCP server assigns you a WAN IP lease.
    * Leave the //Service Name// field blank.
    * Starting with release 2021.3, support for Baby Jumbo Frames (RFC 4638) was added in the [[advanced-misc|Miscellaneous]] menu.
    * When using Baby Jumbo Frames, set MTU to 1500, consistent with the Baby Jumbo Frames change. (See [[https://wiki.freshtomato.org/doku.php/basic-network#network_notes_and_troubleshooting|Notes]]) \\  \\

  * **Static - **This choice will configure your WAN port with a static IP. 
    * You must manually enter the following settings in FreshTomato, from your ISP:
      * Static IP address
      * Subnet mask
      * Gateway address
      * DNS server addresses
    * This mode is commonly used for business accounts, when the IP address shouldn't change. \\  \\

  * **PPTP - **This configures the WAN port to use Microsoft's PPTP (VPN) tunneling protocol to connect. 
    * This section will require you to enter: 
      * a username
      * password
      * gateway server settings (given by your ISP). \\  \\

  * **L2TP - **Choosing this configures the WAN port to connect using Cisco's Layer Two Tunnelling Protocol.
    * FreshTomato will require you enter the following, provided by your ISP:
      * L2TP username
      * Password
      * L2TP server static IP address
      * Subnet mask
      * Gateway setting \\  \\

  * **3G modem - **This setting will enable support for 3G GSM (cellular) USB modems. 
    * Ensure USB and 3G/4G/5G modem support are checked in [[nas-usb|USB Support]] for the modem to be detected. \\  \\

  * **4G/LTE - **This enables support for fourth generation GSM (cellular) / LTE USB modems. 
    * When choosing 4G, PIN code and APN fields appear. These must be filled with correct settings (see below). 
    * Check USB and 3G/4G/5G modem support are enabled in the [[nas-usb|USB Support]] menu for the modem to be detected. \\  \\

  * **Disabled - **This disables the physical WAN port on your router. 
    * This effectively makes your FreshTomato device function only as a switch (if it has that function) and/or;
    * It may effectively make your device function as a WiFi access point (if it has that function). \\  \\

**Wireless Client Mode:  **This enables FreshTomato's Wireless Client mode.

This mode lets the router act as a client to connect to another router/AP, similar to how a WiFi adapter would.  \\ (For details, see Wireless Mode tables below).

  * Disabled - Wireless Client mode will be disabled.
  * 2.4 GHz - Wireless Client mode will be enabled on the 2.4 GHz interface.
  * 5 GHz - Wireless Client mode will enabled on the 5 GHz interface.

 \\ {{::basic-network-wan_settings-2023.2.jpg?805}}

 \\

 \\

**Load Balance Weight:   **This option is** **visible only when number of WANs > 1. It can be set between 0 and 256.\\

{{:pasted:20240219-103900.png}}\\  \\

When configuring a router in a MultiWAN configuration, the MultiWAN function performs load sharing of the links. Load sharing is performed on a per-session basis to prevent issues with interactive traffic, such as real-time voice/video, or RDP. The reason for this is that your links might have different speeds and per-packet load-sharing would generate OOO (Out-of-order) packets, which could make interactive traffic pretty much unusable. Setting a Load Balance Weight on each interface adjusts how that interface will participate in MultiWAN activities. Below are some examples.\\  \\ Load Balance Weight: 0  (Failover)\\ If 0 is used, FreshTomato will not actively route traffic if other WAN interfaces are functional. However, the WAN connection with weight "0" will be automatically enabled if there is a failure of all other WAN interfaces with a weight or 1 or more. This is commonly used in "failover" scenarios. When an interface with weight "0" is is automatically enabled, it will be assigned a weight of 1.

For example:

Let's assume we have 2 WANs, as follows:

WAN0="weight 0"

WAN1="weight 1"

At some point, WAN1 fails. As soon as this failure is noticed, WAN0 will activate (assigned with weight 1) and begin routing packets. Later, WAN1 recovers its connectivity. As soon as FreshTomato recognizes this, (within seconds or minutes), WAN0 will be set back to idle status while traffic is rerouted through the revived WAN1. This process of recovering back to the originally active interface is called //preempting//.** **FreshTomato uses Preempting as its default (and fixed) behavior.\\  \\ Load Balance Weight: 1\\ Any value higher than "0" causes an interface to actively route packets. Weights are relative, so a weight of "1" doesn't mean much. Each weight is compared to the Load Balance Weights of other Interfaces to direct functionality. One way of understanding this is to remember: "1=100% and 0=0%". Thus, if WAN0=“weight 0” and WAN1=“weight 1”, that would mean WAN1 is handling 100% of the traffic.\\  \\ Load Balance Weight: 5\\ An interface set with, for example, weight 5, would essentially handle 5 new sessions before any other interface is to be used.\\  \\ For example, say we have 3 WANs, as follows:\\  \\  WAN0 = weight 0\\  WAN1 = weight 1\\  WAN2 = weight 5\\  \\ In this case, WAN0 will be used only if both WAN1 and WAN2 are both in a failed state, and are unable to route packets. WAN1 will handle the very first new LAN client session going through the router. WAN2 is set to handle the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth sessions. The seventh new session starts again from WAN1, as it would be treated as a another first new LAN client session. WAN2 will then handle the next five new sessions, meaning the eighth, ninth, tenth eleventh and twelfth sessions.\\   \\ One final point about MultiWAN load sharing: **These settings only affect outbound traffic**. Return traffic will always try to return to the WAN interface from which it originated. As the allocation of new session to a WAN is dynamic, you could control what traffic gets allocated to which Interface (a.k.a. sticky connection) via the [[advanced-pbr|MultiWAN routing]] configuration page.

 \\

**Modem device: **Here, you specify the 3G modem's Linux device path/filename.

  * If you don't know what to choose, check the [[dongle_compatibility|3G/4G/5G Dongle compatibility]] page to see if your modem is listed.
  * To ensure your modem is detected, check [[nas-usb|USB Support]] is enabled in the [[nas-usb|USB Support]] menu.
  * When 3G modem or 4G/LTE is set as the WAN type, other fields appear, prompting for more information.
  * The Default device filename is the first serial device on the first USB port: (/dev/ttyUSB0). 
  * The “tty” part of the device's filename represents a serial device.
  * The “USB0” part of the device's filename means the device is connected to the first USB port.
  * Devices listed as "/ttyUSB" use the newer Serial→USB device driver framework.
    * This device type uses Linux's serial modem driver framework.
  * If the interface lists: “/dev/ttyACM0" instead, “ACM” means device type is: “Abstract Control Model”
    * ACM modems let the modem hardware perform analog functions.

To get device details, you could also log on to FreshTomato via Telnet/SSH and use the lsusb or dmesg commands .

 \\

**PIN Code: **This is the 3-digit PIN code for the SIM card associated with your cell account.

  * Leave this blank if your SIM card code was deactivated. \\  \\

**Modem init string: **Here, enter the modem's default initialization string.

  * This will come from your cell provider, or the modem manufacturer. (Default: *99#). \\  \\

**APN: **The access point name (provided by your cell carrier).

  * This specifies a gateway to route data between your carrier and the Internet. (Default: internet). \\  \\

**Username: **Here, enter the (carrier-provided) username to access your cell carrier's APN gateway.

  * Some carriers don't require this info. \\  \\

**Password: **Here, enter the (carrier-provided) password to authenticate to your cell carrier's APN gateway.

  * Some carriers do not require this info. \\  \\

**Network Type: **This menu appears when WAN type is set to 4G/LTE. (Default setting: 4G/3G/2G).

  * The default setting configures FreshTomato to start negotiating with a 4G connection. \\ If that fails, it falls back to negotiating a 3G connection, and failing that, a 2G connection. \\  \\

**DNS Server: **

  * AUTO - FreshTomato uses DNS server addresses included in your Internet Provider's DHCP lease.
  * Manual - Enables the DNS server function (dnsmasq). This makes "DNS 1" and "DNS 2" fields appear.
    * DNS 1 - Enter the first DNS server address here (if DNS Server is set to Manual).
    * DNS 2 - Enter the second DNS server address here (if DNS Server is set to Manual).

 \\ Manually-set DNS servers are useful if your ISP's DNS servers are slow/unreliable. Also, some can provide content filtering. \\  \\

**MTU:**  This sets the Maximum Transmission Unit, (maximum Ethernet frame size) for traffic between WAN and LAN.

This is only for the WAN interface. It won't affect LAN traffic. However, different MTU sizes among devices can cause problems.

  * (Default: 1500) - This is typical for Ethernet devices, and is usually suitable. The Manual field value is greyed out and fixed.
  * Manual - Choosing this lets you to enter a custom number in the field beside it. Jumbo Frame sizes start at 2000 bytes. \\  \\

**Use DHCP:**  This function is rarely used, and you are advised to leave it disabled.

  * On a few Internet providers, addressing is separated from PPPoE functionality. \\  \\

**Single Line MLPPP**: This is outdated, and rarely used nowadays.

Multilink PPP is a version of the PPP protocol that lets you bond two or more physical connections to increase apparent bandwidth. \\ Single Line MLPPP is similar, but lets you use one modem to bond the bandwidth of multiple PPPoE sessions. \\ A side effect of using this is that it bypassed some Internet Providers' bandwidth throttling. \\ \\  \\

**Route Modem IP: **This function lets you access a modem "behind a router" with a simple configuration change. (Default: Off)

  * When using a separate modem and router, usually you set the modem in bridge mode/PPPoE passthrough mode.
  * That means you can't easily access the modem's LAN interface while it's "behind" the router.
  * The router's WAN interface has a public address, but the modem is reachable only via a private LAN address.
  * Private addresses aren't routable, so by default, FreshTomato blocks LAN > WAN > MODEM PRIVATE IP traffic.
  * Route Modem IP adds a simple static route to the routing table, giving the modem a private IP on a /32 subnet.
  * This makes the private address reachable via the WAN interface.
  * The mask allows only one host, so only the modem is reachable on that subnet.\\  \\

**Query Hilink Modem IP:**  This function is only for Huawei USB modems supporting Hilink mode. (Default: Disabled).

Some Huawei modems have a "HiLink" operation mode. Enabling this lets you communicate with a modem in HiLink mode connected to a device on the network other than the FreshTomato device. This is useful when monitoring LTE statistics, or signal strength.

 \\

**Call Custom Status Script: ** TBD.

 \\

**Connect Mode: **This chooses the method used to keep the router connected to the Internet provider. (Default: Keepalive).

  * Connect on Demand - will make FreshTomato disconnect from the ISP after the period in the //Max Idle Time// field. \\ FreshTomato will reconnect to the Internet a soon as any LAN client requests Internet access.
  * Some ISPs drop a connection if their router detects no Internet activity. 
    * Keepalive - Selecting this makes FreshTomato send small [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keepalive#TCP_keepalive|keepalive]] packets at brief, specified intervals. \\ This makes it look to the ISP like there's intermittent activity, even when no clients request Internet access.
  * Redial Interval - Here, enter how often the router will check the Internet connection. (Default: 10 seconds). \\ This minimizes your Internet connection response time, since usually, the connection will always be up.

 \\

**Redial Interval: **  When PPPoE dialling fails, the Redial Interval is used to delay attempts for the defined number of seconds. \\ This allows more time for the PPPoE server or network gear to restart proper functioning before trying a PPPoE connection again. \\ (Default: 10 seconds). \\  \\

**LCP Echo Interval: **The Link Control Protocol sends and receives frames between two peers to verify they're still connected.

  * LCP Echo Interval is the period between these signals. Usually, this is used to verify that a DSL modem's PPPoE \\  is still connected to the ISP. 
  * (Default: 10 seconds).

 \\

**LCP Echo Link fail limit: **This is the number of times LCP echo requests can fail between LCP peers before the status is considered dead.

  * The client DSL modem will then drop the PPPoE link. LCP will try to renegotiate a new PPPoE session.

 \\

**Disable Watchdog:  **Checking this disables the Watchdog function, (described in //Watchdog Mode// below). It disables Watchdog only for the WAN connection currently seen on that menu. (Default: Enabled, using Tracert).

 \\

**Watchdog Mode:  **This regularly checks that a given WAN connection is up. It is supported for DHCP, PPPoE, PPTP, L2TP, and 3G/4G/5G LTE connection types. Here, you choose which method is used to test the connection.

  * Traceroute *
  * Ping


===== LAN =====

The LAN section includes information and settings to configure FreshTomato's LAN interface functions.

This includes FreshTomato's:

  * LAN IP address and subnet mask
  * Spanning Tree Protocol function
  * DHCP server status and settings (through dnsmasq), such as scope and lease time
  * Stubby (DNS-over-TLS) setting and WINS settings

\\  {{:pasted:20230223-144115.png}}\\  \\

**Bridge:  **This lets you Selects the bridge whose LAN settings will be modified \\ \\ 

**STP**:  This enables Spanning Tree Protocol to prevent forwarding loops in switches. The default (off) setting is recommended, unless you are highly experienced. \\ \\ 

**IP Address:  **Here, enter the IP Address to assign to the specified LAN interface. (Default: 192.168.1.1). FreshTomato supports Class A, B, and C networks. \\ \\ 

**Netmask**:  The subnet mask associated with FreshTomato's LAN IP address. (Default: 255.255.255.0 - class "C" netmask). \\ \\ 

**DHCP**:  Checking this enables DHCP server functions in dnsmasq. (Default: Off) \\ \\ 

**IP Range //(first/last)//**:  In the top field, enter the first allowable address in the subnet. In the bottom field, enter the last address. This will form the range of IP addresses the DHCP server will assign to LAN clients. \\ \\ 

**Lease Time (//mins.//)**: This is the DHCP lease time, in minutes. (Default: 1440). \\ \\ 

**Automatic IP**:  Since release 2022.6, you can select this option if the router is in AP Mode, Wireless Ethernet Bridge Mode or Media Bridge Mode. This lets FreshTomato obtain a LAN IP via DHCP. \\ \\ 

After saving settings, the router's new, default address is 192.168.1.1 while it awaits DHCP details. That address will change once it obtains DHCP data. \\ \\ 

 \\

{{:pasted:20220907-091646.png}}

 \\


===== Ethernet Ports State - Configuration =====

[[https://wiki.freshtomato.org/lib/exe/detail.php?id=network&media=a6a415f4dc7913bbf0c6b45958973582.png|{{:a6a415f4dc7913bbf0c6b45958973582.png}}]]  \\

 \\   \\ These are settings for the **Ethernet Ports State** graphic in the [[status-overview|Overview]] menu. The graphic shows status, link speed, and diagnostic information for all ports.

**Enable Ports State:**  Checking this enables the Ethernet Ports State graphic. (Default: On). \\ \\ 

**Show Speed Info:**  Checking this displays the link speed of each port, (1GB/100MB/10MB). (Default: On). \\ \\ 

**Invert ports order:**  Enabling this displays port icons in Ethernet Ports State in the opposite order from where they are on the hardware. This is useful when the sequence of display icons doesn't match the actual locations on the router. (Default: Off).


===== Wireless Band Steering =====

[[https://wiki.freshtomato.org/lib/exe/detail.php?id=network&media=736e934886107c2e5ab80563e9e98bb5.png|{{:736e934886107c2e5ab80563e9e98bb5.png}}]]  \\   \\

With Wireless Band Steering enabled, FreshTomato can assess on which band the client device should try to connect. It then "nudge" the client towards that band.

  * Disable *
  * Enable

To achieve this, for all WiFi interfaces, enter the same:

  * SSID name
  * Security settings
  * Password 
  * Other settings (see picture below)

Remember that client devices can also try to switch bands on their own, without the influence of Wireless Band Steering.

Wireless Band Steering is available starting with release 2020.8 (and only for ARM hardware). See the Notes section below for more details on how it works.

 \\


==== Wireless (2.4 GHz / interface eth1) ====

The Wireless (2.4 GHz) section displays information and settings for the 2.4 GHz wireless network interface.

Your device may show a different device name than eth1. FreshTomato hardware device numbers begin at "0". The first Ethernet device might be called "eth0". The second wireless device might be called "wl1".

**Enable Wireless:** When checked, this turns on the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface. When unchecked, the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface is off. \\ \\

**MAC Address:** This displays the MAC address of the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface. Clicking on it takes you to the [[:mac_address|MAC Address]] page, where you can specify a custom MAC address for this interface. \\ \\

**Wireless Mode:** This allows you to select the wireless mode (function) of the 2.4 GHz WiFi network interface.  \\   \\

 \\

^   ^  **Table: 2.4 GHZ Interface Wireless Modes**  ^
|  **Wireless Mode**  |  **Description**  |
|  \\ Access Point  | \\ The (default) setting, which allows clients to connect to FreshTomato's wireless network(s). \\ \\ -  IPv4 & IPv6 communication work for both MIPS and ARM. \\ |
|  \\ Access Point WDS  | \\ Sets the router in "repeater mode", allowing clients to connect via wireless while simultaneously acting as a \\ WDS [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Distribution_System|Wireless Distribution System]] base station. \\ \\ |
|  \\ Wireless Client  | \\ The router connects to another router/access point as any other wireless client device would. \\ \\ -  Wireless Client mode works for:\\    MIPS devices (SDK5: RT and RT-N images)\\    ARM devices (SDK6 & SDK7) starting with release 2021.5\\ -  This mode does not workyet on SDK6 MIPS RT-AC builds.\\ -  Only one wireless radio can be used in this mode. Other radio modules, (if present), can be used in Access Point mode. \\ -  Disable band steering if using this mode (at least for the initial setup. Advanced users may adjust nvram values for band steering).\\ -  The recommended security setup for WiFi connections is WPA2 Personal with AES. \\ -  If no connection is possible using the above, try WPA / WPA2 Personal + AES.\\ -  This is the recommended security setup for MIPS SDK5 (RT and RT-N) wireless client mode). \\ \\ |
|  \\ Wireless Ethernet Bridge  | \\ Configures FreshTomato to connect to another router. All clients connected to both routers remain in the same subnet. \\ \\ -  Since Wireless Ethernet Bridge 1.19, this mode must have security set to WPA2 to work properly. \\ -  IPv4 communication works for MIPS and ARM builds. \\ -  IPv6 communication will only work for FreshTomato 2021.1 SDK6 ARM Dual-Core and newer\\ -  SDK7 not working/possible. \\ -  Do not enable wireless band steering (BSD) while this mode is enabled. \\ -  Recommendation: Use Wireless Ethernet Bridge interface only to connect to your main AP (no virtual interfaces). Other radio modules present can be used, for example, in Access Point mode.\\ \\ |
|  \\ Media Bridge Mode  | \\ Configures FreshTomato to connect to another router/access point. \\ All clients connected to both routers remain in the same subnet. \\ -  Support for this mode is available starting with release 2021.6 .\\ -  This mode is similar to Wireless Ethernet Bridge mode for SDK6 and up (only for MIPS RT-AC images and all ARM images). \\ -  Recommendations: Use Wireless Ethernet Bridge mode for MIPS RT and RT-N builds (like the RT-N16, E4200v1).\\ -  This Mode is not supported in SDK5 (RT / RT-N) builds.\\ -  Both IPv4 and IPv6 communication function well.  You don't need to enable IPv6 via the web interface. IPv6 traffic will work. \\ -  Do not enable wireless band steering (BSD) if this mode is enabled.\\ -  Use Media Bridge interface only to connect to your main AP (not to virtual interfaces). Other present radio modules can be used, for example, in Access Point mode.\\ \\ |
|  \\ WDS  | \\ Serve as a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Distribution_System|Wireless Distribution System (WDS)]] base station only. \\ \\ |
| //Table derived from (Creative Commons) Wikibooks - “Tomato Firmware/Menu Reference” Wireless Mode Selections//  ||

\\ **Wireless Network Mode: **This lets you choose which 802.11 WiFi protocol(s) to make available to clients.

The network modes available in this dropdown will depend on your hardware.

  * Auto: *  FreshTomato and WiFi client devices negotiate the best protocol automatically.
    * Auto is recommended, unless you're very knowledgeable about networking.
    * Compatibility issues can create many problems. The best settings are not always obvious.
  * B Only:  This allows WiFi clients to connect using only the 802.11b protocol.
  * G Only:  This allows WiFi clients to connect using only the 802.11n protocol.
  * B/G Mixed:  This allows clients to connect using either 802.11b or 802.11g protocols.
  * N only:  This allows clients to connect using only the 802.11n protocol.

These apply only to the 2.4 GHz band interface. There are separate Wireless Network Mode settings for any 5 GHz interface.

\\

**SSID:**  This is the network name (Service Set IDentifier) for the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface. For security reasons, you're advised not to include personal words which may indicate your identity, address, location, or equipment type. For example, “HELENLIUNG” would be a poor choice, unless you want everyone nearby to know who owns the network. Single dictionary words also make for very poor security. \\ (Default: FreshTomatoXX, where “XX” is the two numbers in the band.)  For example, on the 2.4 GHz network, the default SSID is “FreshTomato24”. \\ \\

**Broadcast: **Checking this enables SSID broadcasting. This “announces” the SSID on the air, so it's easy to find and connect to. Some argue that disabling SSID Broadcast provides more security. However, SSID names are easily sniffed using common software. Thus, disabling this provides little increase in security. \\ \\

**Channel: **Selects the channel on which the 2.4 GHz radio interface will operate. Generally, it's best to choose a different channel than your neighbours are using. (Default: Auto).

  * Auto: This default is generally safe unless there's significant interference from other networks or equipment. FreshTomato chooses and uses the channel it believes has the least interference.
  * Channel: This menu lets you manually choose available channels on the band. Unavailable channels won't appear here. \\ \\

**Channel Width:**  This menu lets you choose the width of the channel (in terms of frequency).

  * 20 MHz
  * 40 MHz

802.11n can use 40 MHz channel width, but to maintain compatibility with legacy systems, it uses one main 20 MHz channel plus a free adjacent channel 20 MHz above or below the main channel. \\ \\

**Control Sideband:**  This option is only available If the 20 or 40 Channel Width is selected. This lets you choose whether the extra sideband channel used is above (Upper) or below (Lower) the main channel used. (Default: Upper).

  * Upper
  * Lower \\ \\

**Security**: This menu lets you select the security protocol that will be used on the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface.

  * Disabled:  This disables security entirely, leaving the network open to anyone. Avoid using this. 
    * This is a basically an unlimited security risk.

  * WEP: This enables Wired Equivalent Privacy protocol. Avoid using this. It's obsolete due to serious vulnerabilities, \\ such as weak encryption.

  * WPA Personal: This enables WiFi Protected Access Protocol 1.x. WPA uses the RC4-based TKIP protocol.
    * This lets hosts exchange pre-shared keys, for more security. 
    * While more secure than WEP, WPA still has weaknesses, like lower encryption standards. 
    * WPA2 is strongly encouraged instead of WPA.

  * WPA Enterprise: also known as WPA-802.1X. It's similar to WPA Personal, but each user has their own username/password.
    * No common pre-shared key is used.
    * WPA Enterprise doesn't require a RADIUS server. Often, one is used anyway for compatibility/security reasons. 
    * WPA Enterprise is more secure against dictionary attacks on short passwords. 
    * This is suitable for larger, more formal networks.

  * WPA2 Personal: WiFi Protected Access version 2 uses elements of the 802.11i standard.
    * This supports mandatory use of AES encryption, so it is much more secure than older protocols. 
    * WPA2 Personal is recommended for small- to mid-sized, informal networks.

  * WPA2 Enterprise: This enables the Enterprise version of WPA2. 
    * This uses WPA2, but each user has their own WiFi username/passkey, not a common pre-shared key. 
    * WPA2 Enterprise is based on parts of 802.11i. 
    * This does NOT require a RADIUS server, but one is often used for legacy purposes for compatibility/security. 
    * This is appropriate for larger, more structured networks.

  * WPA / WPA2 Personal:

  * WPA / WPA2 Enterprise:

  * RADIUS: Enables Remote Access Dialup User Service.
    * This is designed for larger organizations. 
    * This uses a separate server to authenticate, permit and keep track of users. 
    * This supports authentication via certificates, which eases user management.
    * This is usually only for advanced users. \\ \\

**Shared Key:**  Here, enter the shared key to authenticate WiFi clients on the LAN. Asterisks are shown until you insert your cursor. \\ \\

**Group Key Renewal:**  This sets how often encryption keys used between clients and the router are rotated/changed. \\ This is a part of the WPA protocol. (Default: 3600 seconds = 1 hour).

Starting with release 2023.5, you can adjust the key rotation interval within the following limits:\\ From 1 sec to 2592000 sec   [for all ARM routers and MIPS RT-N / MIPS-RT-AC] \\ 0 = disabled   (not recommended)

In releases up to 2023.4, you can set this within the following limits: 60 sec to 7200 sec [all routers]


===== Wireless (5 GHz / interface eth2) =====

The Wireless (5 GHz) section displays information and settings for the wireless network interface on the 5 GHz WiFi band.

Your device may show a different device name than eth1. Note: FreshTomato hardware device numbers begin at 0. \\  For example, the first Ethernet device might be called eth0. The second wireless device might be called wl1.

Typically, the 5 GHz WiFi band has higher bandwidth, but shorter distance propagation than the 2.4 GHz band.

**Enable Wireless:**  Checking this turns on the 5 GHz WiFi interface. When unchecked, the 5 GHz WiFi interface is turned off. \\ \\

**MAC Address:**  This displays the MAC (hardware) address of the 5 GHz WiFi interface. \\ Clicking on the MAC address takes you to the [[:mac_address|MAC Address]] page, where you can choose your own MAC address for this interface. \\ \\

**Wireless Mode:**  This lets you choose the wireless mode (function) of the 5 GHz WiFi interface. \\   \\   \\

^   ^  **Table: 5 GHz interface Wireless Mode**  ^
|  **Wireless Mode**  |  **Description**  |
|  \\ Access Point  | \\ The (default) setting, which allows clients to connect to FreshTomato's wireless network(s). \\ \\ -  IPv4 & IPv6 communication work for both MIPS and ARM. \\ |
|  \\ Access Point WDS  | \\ Sets the router in "repeater mode", allowing clients to connect via WiFi while acting as a \\ WDS [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Distribution_System|Wireless Distribution System]] base station. \\ \\ |
|  \\ Wireless Client  | \\ The router connects to another router/access point as any other wireless client device would. \\ \\ -  Wireless Client mode works for: MIPS devices (SDK5: RT and RT-N images) and\\    ARM devices (SDK6 & SDK7) starting with release 2021.5 \\ -  This mode does not yet work on SDK6 MIPS RT-AC images.\\ -  Only one wireless radio can be used in this mode. Other radio modules present can be used in AP mode.\\ -  Disable wireless band steering when in this mode during default setup. Advanced users can adjust band steering nvram values.\\ -  WPA2 Personal with AES is the recommended security setup for WiFi connections.\\ -  If connection isn't possible using the above, try WPA / WPA2 Personal + AES. This is the recommended security configuration for MIPS SDK5 (RT and RT-N) wireless client mode. \\ \\ |
|  \\ Wireless Ethernet Bridge  | \\ Configures FreshTomato to connect to another router. All clients connected to both routers remain in the same subnet. \\ \\ -  As of version 1.19, this mode must have security set to WPA2 to work properly. \\ -  IPv4 communication works for MIPS and ARM builds. \\ -  IPv6 communication will only work for FreshTomato 2021.1 SDK6 ARM Dual-Core and newer\\ -  SDK7 not working/possible. \\ -  Do not enable wireless band steering (BSD) while this mode is enabled. \\ -  Recommendation: Use Wireless Ethernet Bridge only to connect to your main AP (no virtual interfaces). Other radio modules can be used, for example, in AP mode. \\ \\ |
|  \\ Media Bridge Mode  | \\ Configures FreshTomato to connect to another router/access point. \\ All clients connected to both routers remain in the same subnet. \\ \\ -  This new mode is similar to Wireless Ethernet Bridge mode for SDK6 and up (for MIPS RT-AC and all ARM images).\\ -  Using Wireless Ethernet Bridge mode is recommended for MIPS RT and RT-N images (like the RT-N16, E4200v1).\\ -  This Mode is not supported with SDK5 (RT / RT-N) builds\\ -  Both IPv4 and IPv6 communication function. IPv6 traffic works without needing to enable IPv6 in the web interface. . \\ -  Support for this mode started with release 2021.6.\\ -  Do not enable wireless band steering with this mode enabled. \\ -  You should use use Media Bridge interface to connect to your main AP only (no virtual interfaces). Other radio modules can be used, for example, in AP mode. \\ \\ |
|  \\ WDS  | \\ FreshTomato will serve as a [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Distribution_System|Wireless Distribution System (WDS)]] base station only. \\ \\ |
| //Table derived from (Creative Commons) Wikibooks - “Tomato Firmware/Menu Reference” Wireless Mode Selections//  ||

 \\  **Wireless Network Mode: **This lets you choose which 802.11 WiFi protocol(s) to make available to clients.

  * Auto - On this setting, FreshTomato and WiFi clients negotiate the best wireless protocol automatically. 
    * Auto is recommended unless you are highly experienced with networking/WiFi.
    * Compatibility issues can create problems. Often, the most “logical” setting is not the best.
  * A Only - allows WiFi clients to connect using only the 802.11a protocol.
  * N Only -  allows clients to connect using only the 802.11n protocol.
  * N/AC mixed - allows clients to connect using only 802.11AC or 802.11N.
  * AC Only - allows clients to connect using only the 802.11ac protocol.

Note that releases before 2021.8 do NOT have a separate setting for 802.11ac. That only arrived with 2021.8.

Separate Wireless Network Mode settings will exist for any 2.4 GHz band interface. See the 2.4 GHz section. \\  (Default: Auto) \\ \\

**SSID:**  This the 5 GHz WiFi interface's network name. For security you should not include any personal words/phrases here which might indicate your identity, address, location, or equipment type. For example, “HELENLIUNG” would be a poor choice, unless you want everyone nearby to know who owns that network. Single dictionary words also make for poor security.  \\ \\ (Default: FreshTomatoXX, where “XX” is the digits in the band.) For example, on a 5 GHz network, the default SSID is “FreshTomato50”. \\ \\

**Broadcast: **Checking this enables SSID broadcasting. This “announces” the SSID on the air, so it's easy to find and connect to. Some argue disabling SSID Broadcast provides more security. However, SSIDs names are easily sniffed with common software. Disabling SSID Broadcast provides little increase in security. \\ \\

**Channel: **Selects the channel on which the 5 GHz radio interface will operate. (Default: Auto).

Generally, it's a good idea to choose a different channel than the one your neighbours are using.

  * Auto: This default is generally safe unless there's significant interference from nearby equipment. 
    * On this setting, FreshTomato selects and uses the channel it believes has the least interference.
  * Channel: This lets you manually choose from available channels on the band. Unavailable channels won't appear here. \\ \\

**Channel Width:**  This allows you to choose the width of the channel (in terms of frequency).

  *  20 MHz
  *  40 MHz
  *  80 MHz
  * 160 MHz (not yet supported. May be supported on some SDK714 models)

 \\ 20 MHz channels on the 5 GHz band have no overlap, so the 5GHz band is less prone to interference and noise. Larger channel widths provide more speed/bandwidth if there's low interference. Interference is more common on the 2.4 GHz band. It's usually fine to choose a wider channel width here. However, if you see slowdowns or trouble authenticating/associating with the router, you may need to use a narrower channel width.

802.11N can use 40 MHz channel width. However, to maintain legacy compatibility, it uses a main 20 MHz channel plus a free adjacent channel 20 MHz above or below the main channel. \\ \\

**Control Sideband:**  This option is available only if the 40, 80 or 160 MHz Channel Width is selected. This lets you choose whether the extra channel used is above (Upper) or below (Lower) the main channel being used. (Default: Upper).

Starting with release 2023.3, this menu will allow you to choose the exact control channel for use FixME! \\ \\

**Security:** This menu lets you select the security protocol that will be used on the 2.4 GHz WiFi interface.

  * Disabled:  disables security entirely, leaving the network open to anyone. Avoid using this. 
    * This is a basically an unlimited security risk.

  * WEP: enables Wired Equivalent Privacy protocol. Avoid using this.
    * This is obsolete due to serious vulnerabilities, such as weak encryption.

  * WPA Personal:  enables WiFi Protected Access Protocol 1.x. WPA uses the RC4-based TKIP protocol.
    * This lets hosts exchange pre-shared keys, for more security. 
    * While more secure than WEP, WPA still has weaknesses, like lower encryption standards. 
    * WPA2 is strongly encouraged instead of WPA.

  * WPA Enterprise: also known as WPA-802.1X. This is similar to WPA Personal, but each user has their own username/password
    * No common pre-shared key is used.
    * WPA Enterprise doesn't require a RADIUS server. Often, one is used anyway for compatibility and security reasons. 
    * WPA Enterprise is more secure against dictionary attacks on short passwords. 
    * This is suitable for larger, more formal networks.

  * WPA2 Personal: WiFi Protected Access version 2 uses elements of the 802.11i standard.
    * This supports mandatory use of AES encryption. It is much more secure than older protocols. 
    * WPA2 Personal is recommended for small to mid-sized, informal networks.

  * WPA2 Enterprise: This enables the Enterprise version of WPA2. 
    * This uses WPA2, but each user has their own WiFi username/passkey, not a common pre-shared key. 
    * WPA2 Enterprise is based on parts of 802.11i. 
    * This does NOT require a RADIUS server, but one is often used for legacy purposes for compatibility and security. 
    * This is appropriate for larger, more structured networks.

  * WPA / WPA2 Personal: This uses WPA2 Personal, and if that fails, allows WPA security

  * WPA / WPA2 Enterprise: This uses WPA2 Enterprise, or WPA.

  * RADIUS: Enables Remote Access Dialup User Service.
    * This is designed for larger organizations. 
    * This uses a separate server to authenticate, permit and keep track of users. 
    * This supports authentication via certificates, which eases user management.
    * This is usually only for advanced users.

 \\

**Shared Key:**  Here, enter the shared key to authenticate WiFi clients on the network. The field shows asterisks until you click your cursor in it. \\ \\

**Group Key Renewal:**  This sets how often encryption keys used between clients and the router are rotated. This is part of the WPA protocol.

(Default: 3600 seconds). Please see the first wireless radio unit for more infos!


===== Network Notes and Troubleshooting =====

==== Tune Route Cache ====

Specifically, enabling this option does the following:

 \\

<code bash>
# 2018-01-19
# Reduce and flush the route cache to ensure a more synchronous load-balancing across multi-wan
# https://vincent.bernat.im/en/blog/2011-ipv4-route-cache-linux

/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/flush
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/secret_interval
/bin/echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/min_delay
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/max_delay
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_interval
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_elasticity
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_min_interval_ms
/bin/echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_min_interval
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_thresh
/bin/echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/gc_timeout

#Causes connectivity issues if this value is too small, use defaults or tune accordingly
/bin/echo 512 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/route/max_size
</code>

 \\   \\   \\

==== Baby Jumbo Frames ====

Support for Baby Jumbo Frames (RFC 4638) was added starting with release 2021.3. This function works only on gigabit routers. Not all ISPs support Jumbo Frames for PPPoE (RFC 4638).

To enable Baby Jumbo Frames:

  * Go the Miscellaneous menu. Check //Enable jumbo frame support// in that menu. The router will reboot.
  * In the Network menu, Set the MTU option to manual, and enter an MTU value of 1500 for PPPoE operation. (Usually, packet size will be 1492)
  * Clamping can be manually disabled, if needed. (Type ''nvram set tcp_clamp_disable=1'' at a FreshTomato command prompt).
  * Ping with packet size 1472 to verify that you have a working PPP MTU of 1500.

 \\


==== Wireless Band Steering ====
 \\ 
This example shows the default parameters to steer clients from the 2.4 GHz band to the 5 GHz band:  \\
 \\ 
<code ->
Steer Policy:
max=0 period=5 cnt=3 rssi=-52 phyrate_high=110 phyrate_low=0 flags=0x22 state=3
Rule Logic: OR
RSSI: Greater than
VHT: Allowed
NON VHT: Allowed
NEXT RF: NO
PHYRATE (HIGH): Greater than or Equal to
LOAD BALANCE: NO
STA NUM BALANCE: NO
PHYRATE (LOW): Less than
N ONLY: NO
</code>
 \\
 \\  
This example shows default parameters to steer clients from the 5 GHz band to the 2.4 GHz band:  \\
 \\ 
<code ->
Steer Policy:
max=80 period=5 cnt=3 rssi=-82 phyrate_high=0 phyrate_low=0 flags=0x20 state=2
Rule Logic: OR
RSSI: Less than or Equal to
VHT: Allowed
NON VHT: Allowed
NEXT RF: NO
PHYRATE (HIGH): Greater than or Equal to
LOAD BALANCE: NO
STA NUM BALANCE: NO
PHYRATE (LOW): Less than
N ONLY: NO
</code>

\\   \\  For more details, see: \\ [[https://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32653-asus-rt-ac3200-smart-connect-the-missing-manual?start=0|https://www.smallnetbuilder.com/wireless/wireless-howto/32653-asus-rt-ac3200-smart-connect-the-missing-manual?start=0]]  \\   \\
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