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firmware_basics_procedures [2023/11/12 15:57] – [Netgear R-series] -formatting hogwildfirmware_basics_procedures [2024/11/10 21:30] (current) – [What is Firmware and what do all those Terms Mean?] -Condense, clarity hogwild
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 {{::semiconductor-icon.svg?281 }} {{::semiconductor-icon.svg?281 }}
  
- \\ \\ **What's "flashing firmware" anyway?**+ \\ \\ **What's "flashing firmware" Anyway?**
  
 In short, flashing is installing new firmware. On a device like a router, firmware is most of the basic programming code which runs most of the major functions on the device. This is similar to the installed operating system and programs on a PC. Similar to a PC, firmware updates are released to fix bugs, add new features, and increase security. The device can usually run without updates in a fairly stable way. However, you should understand the risks this may involve for your network. In short, flashing is installing new firmware. On a device like a router, firmware is most of the basic programming code which runs most of the major functions on the device. This is similar to the installed operating system and programs on a PC. Similar to a PC, firmware updates are released to fix bugs, add new features, and increase security. The device can usually run without updates in a fairly stable way. However, you should understand the risks this may involve for your network.
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  \\  \\
  
-=== Why flash firmware? ===+=== Why Flash Firmware? ===
  
 Flashing firmware is usually done to fix bugs, improve stability or add new features to the device. In the case of FreshTomato, the firmware often adds all of the above when compared with the vendor's "stock" (original) firmware. Flashing firmware is usually done to fix bugs, improve stability or add new features to the device. In the case of FreshTomato, the firmware often adds all of the above when compared with the vendor's "stock" (original) firmware.
 +
 + \\
  
 === What's Non-volatile Memory? === === What's Non-volatile Memory? ===
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 Again, this is vaguely similar to reformatting and reinstalling the entire operating system on a PC. However, during the firmware flashing process, files are not copied one at a time onto a filesystem. Instead, one single image file of the entire installation is copied to Flash RAM, a small portion at a time. This is similar to using a drive imaging program such as Acronis TrueImage for Windows, or Time Machine for the Macintosh. Again, this is vaguely similar to reformatting and reinstalling the entire operating system on a PC. However, during the firmware flashing process, files are not copied one at a time onto a filesystem. Instead, one single image file of the entire installation is copied to Flash RAM, a small portion at a time. This is similar to using a drive imaging program such as Acronis TrueImage for Windows, or Time Machine for the Macintosh.
  
-=== What's an Image? ===+ \\ 
 + 
 +**What's an Image?**
  
 We refer to the files used to flash FreshTomato as "image" files, because they are mirror images of the entire installation of the operating system  programs. The flashing simply copies the entire image file to the router's Flash RAM. We refer to the files used to flash FreshTomato as "image" files, because they are mirror images of the entire installation of the operating system  programs. The flashing simply copies the entire image file to the router's Flash RAM.
 +
 + \\
  
 === What's a Build? === === What's a Build? ===
  
 A build is one compilation of firmware. A build is one compilation of firmware.
 +
 + \\
  
 Each build is: Each build is:
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   * Intended for a certain hardware (e.g. Asus RT-AC68P)   * Intended for a certain hardware (e.g. Asus RT-AC68P)
   * Includes a certain set of features (e.g. "AIO" or "All-In-One" build or a MiniIPV6 build)   * Includes a certain set of features (e.g. "AIO" or "All-In-One" build or a MiniIPV6 build)
 +
 + \\
  
 The features included depend on the router's hardware and on which build/version is flashed. See the [[:feature_matrix|Feature matrix]] page for details on which features are included in each build). The features included depend on the router's hardware and on which build/version is flashed. See the [[:feature_matrix|Feature matrix]] page for details on which features are included in each build).
 +
 + \\
  
 === How do I Choose which Firmware Build to Use? === === How do I Choose which Firmware Build to Use? ===
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 Make sure to carefully choose a FreshTomato build appropriate for your hardware model. Choosing the wrong build/version could brick your router if it's not appropriate for your hardware. (See bricking section below). Make sure to carefully choose a FreshTomato build appropriate for your hardware model. Choosing the wrong build/version could brick your router if it's not appropriate for your hardware. (See bricking section below).
  
-When choosing a build, you need to make note of:+For help choosing an appropriate build for your hardware, see the [[hardware_compatibility|Hardware compatibility]] wiki page. For more guidance on how to choose a build, see the How Do I Choose a Build? section on the  page. If you're still unsure after you've read both those pages, we recommend you ask for advice on the Tomato forum.\\ 
 + 
 +When choosing a build, you need to note:
  
   * The router/AP model   * The router/AP model
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   * The feature set you want, that will fit in that amount of Flash RAM.   * The feature set you want, that will fit in that amount of Flash RAM.
  
-Some hardware models have two or more hardware versions/revisions. Some of these may contain different chipsets than others. Flashing the firmware to the "same" model hardware, but wrong version or revision could brick your hardware.+ \\
  
-For some models, Flash RAM is limited, so it’s also important you choose a build that takes up less storage space than is available. Otherwise, you could run out of Flash RAM and your hardware could be bricked. For help choosing a build that's appropriate for your hardware, see the [[:hardware_compatibility|Hardware compatibility]] wiki page. For more guidance on how to choose a build, see the //How Do I Choose a Build?// section on the [[:faq|FAQ]] page. If you're still unsure after you've read both those pages, we recommend you ask for advice on the Tomato forum.+Some router models have two or more hardware versions. Some of these may contain different chipsets than others. Flashing the firmware to the "same" model hardware, but wrong hardware version could brick your hardware.
  
-=== What's "bricking" the router?   Why is that a bad thing? ===+For some models, Flash RAM is limited, so it’s also important you choose a build that takes up less storage space than is available. Otherwise, you could run out of Flash RAM and your hardware could be bricked.
  
-"Bricking" mean making your router completely non-functional after a failed flash. It's called bricking because the hardware would then only be useful as a brick, but not as a router. In this condition, It often can't be fixed without electronics or soldering knowledge.+ \\ 
 + 
 +=== What's "Bricking" the Router?   Why is that a Bad Thing? === 
 + 
 +"Bricking" mean making your router completely non-functional after a failed flash. It's called bricking because the hardware would then only be useful as a brick, but not as a router. In this condition, It sometimes can't be fixed without electronics or soldering knowledge.
  
 Here are some rules for successful firmware flashing: Here are some rules for successful firmware flashing:
  
-  * Never interrupt a firmware flash until it's completely finished.  Be patient.+ \\ 
 + 
 +  * Never interrupt a firmware flash until it's completely finished. Be patient.
   * Never turn off the router/device while the update is being flashed.   * Never turn off the router/device while the update is being flashed.
   * Never reboot your PC until a flash has completed.   * Never reboot your PC until a flash has completed.
-  * Never disconnect the network connection with the router until the flash is completed. +  * Never disconnect the network connection with the router until \\ the flash is completed. 
-  * Never cancel/pause/stop the software on your PC that you're using to perform the firmware update.+  * Never cancel/pause/stop the software on the PC you're using \\ to do the firmware update.
  
- \\ Doing any of the above can result in a partial update. This may leave the firmware corrupted, which can damage how the device works or even "brick it", making it useless.+ \\ Doing any of the these can result in a partial update. This may leave the firmware corrupted, which can damage how the device works or even "brick it", making it useless. See the "//Can I Recover from a Bad Flash//?" section below to learn more about unbricking your router.
  
-=== What's NVRAM and why should I erase it before and after flashing? ===+ \\
  
-NVRAM is the part of non-volatile memory in routers where settings and parameters are stored.+**Can I Recover from a Bad Firmware Flash?**
  
-FreshTomato can sometimes retain some NVRAM variables (settings) even after you flash a new firmware image to your router. Therefore, it's very important to erase NVRAM before flashing. Doing so ensures that all variables from the existing firmware are erased before flashing begins. Erasing NVRAM before flashing is an important step that should NEVER be skipped.+Yes, quite often, but not always. This depends on factors, including:
  
-=== What's a "Dirty Flash" and why should I avoid doing one? ===+  - What went wrong 
 +  - At what stage in the flashing process it went wrong, and sometimes even; 
 +  - Which brand of hardware you tried to flash.
  
-A "dirty flash" is a flash which was performed without thoroughly wiping NVRAM before and after flashing. A dirty flash often leads to strange, unexplained symptoms, like web interface pages that don't display properly, "missing" menu items, and just generally buggy or unstable functioning. No matter how tempted you are to "save time", please don't do a dirty flash. You will likely waste time with strange symptoms and regret your choice.+ \\
  
-=== How do I flash FreshTomato to my router/hardware? Which method should I use? ===+Once you're sure the router won't boot/work properly, follow these steps, in order:
  
-There are several methods used to flash firmware on modern routers. The method you use depends on several things.+ \\ 
 + 
 +  - At least twice, follow the steps to hardware reset your router to factory defaults. \\ This usually involves a physical reset button on the case. \\ Sometimes, incorrect settings can be "sticky" in NVRAM \\ from previous firmware and need resetting for the router to work properly. 
 +  - On Netgear hardware, try using the third-party nmrpflash utility program. \\ This unbrick program has saved many Netgear routers from the garbage. \\ [[https://github.com/jclehner/nmrpflash|https://github.com/jclehner/nmrpflash]] 
 +  - Use the Tomato forum's Search box to get advice on unbricking your model. \\ Often, other users know other tricks to get your model working.  
 +  - If all else fails, you may want to try opening your router and checking for a \\ serial interface. This is usually a small group of 3-8 pins or pads on the \\ main circuit board to which you connect a USB-->serial interface converter. \\ If your router has one, check in the forum or Google for instructions. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +=== What's NVRAM and Why Should I Erase it Before and After Flashing? === 
 + 
 +NVRAM is the part of non-volatile memory where settings and parameters are stored. 
 + 
 +FreshTomato can sometimes retain some NVRAM variables (settings) even after you flash a new firmware image. Therefore, it's very important to erase NVRAM before flashing. Doing so ensures all variables from existing firmware are erased before flashing begins. Erasing NVRAM before flashing is an important step that should NEVER be skipped. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +=== What's a "Dirty Flash"?  Why Should I Avoid Doing One? === 
 + 
 +A "dirty flash" is one performed without thoroughly wiping NVRAM before/after flashing. It often leads to strange, unexplained symptoms, like web interface pages that don't display properly, "missing" menu items, and just generally buggy or unstable operation. No matter how tempted you are to "save time", please don't do a dirty flash. You'll likely waste time with strange symptoms and regret it. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +=== How Do I Flash FreshTomato to My Router? Which Method Should I Use? === 
 + 
 +There are several methods used to flash firmware on modern routers. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +The method you use depends on several things: 
 + 
 + \\
  
   * The brand/model/revision of your hardware.   * The brand/model/revision of your hardware.
   * The age of your hardware.   * The age of your hardware.
-  * Whether the vendor allows that hardware to be flashed from the firmware it came with. +  * Whether the vendor allows that hardware to be flashed \\ from the firmware it came with. 
-  * Which firmware you're trying to flash: stock (vendor's), or FreshTomato firmware.+  * Which firmware you're trying to flash: stock (vendor), or FreshTomato.
  
  
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 ==== Flashing from Tomato Firmware ==== ==== Flashing from Tomato Firmware ====
  
-In general, if your (FreshTomato supported) Asus hardware has a version of FreshTomato installed, or another Tomato fork, such as Shibby or Toastman, you can upgrade straight to FreshTomato using the Upgrade menu.+In general, if your (FreshTomato-supported) Asus hardware has FreshTomato or another Tomato fork installed, such as Shibby or Toastman, you can upgrade straight to FreshTomato using the Upgrade menu. 
 + 
 + \\
  
  
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   - Under Advanced Settings, go to LAN. \\ \\    - Under Advanced Settings, go to LAN. \\ \\ 
   - Click on the "DHCP Server" tab. \\ \\    - Click on the "DHCP Server" tab. \\ \\ 
-  - Disable DHCP.  Beside "Enable the DHCP Server" select No, and click Apply. \\ \\ Note that performing this step may cause your client device to disconnect from the router interface \\ \\ and require you to set a manual IP address to reconnect. Disabling the DHCP server may not be necessary.  \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-dhcp_server.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\ +  - Disable DHCP.  Beside "Enable the DHCP Server" select No, and click Apply. \\ \\ Performing this step may make your client device disconnect from the router interface \\ \\ and require you to set a manual address to reconnect. Disabling DHCP server may be unnecessary.  \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-dhcp_server.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\ 
   - Under Advanced Settings, go to Administration. \\ \\ {{::asuswrt-administration.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\    - Under Advanced Settings, go to Administration. \\ \\ {{::asuswrt-administration.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\ 
   - Click on the Firmware Upgrade tab. \\ \\    - Click on the Firmware Upgrade tab. \\ \\ 
-  - Click Browse... and go select the FreshTomato image file appropriate for your router.\\ \\ {{::asuswrt-administration-firmware_upgrade-browse.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\ +  - Click Browse... and go select the appropriate FreshTomato image file for your router.\\ \\ {{::asuswrt-administration-firmware_upgrade-browse.jpg?651}} \\ \\ \\ \\ 
   - After selecting the appropriate image file to flash, click Upload. \\ \\    - After selecting the appropriate image file to flash, click Upload. \\ \\ 
-  - You should now see a white progress indicator, with text below saying "Firmware is upgrading..." \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-firmware-progress.jpg?660}} \\ \\ \\ \\  +  - You should now see a white progress indicator, with text: "Firmware is upgrading..." \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-firmware-progress.jpg?660}} \\  \\ Wait until the upgrade process is 100% complete. **Do NOT** interrupt the process. \\ \\ \\ \\   
-  - Wait until the upgrade process is 100% complete. Do NOT interrupt the process. \\ \\  +  - When the upgrade completes, reboot the router by turning it off and on again. \\ \\  
-  - When the upgrade process completes, reboot the router (by turning it off and on again). \\ \\  +  - Reset the router to defaults by pressing the Reset button on the rear for at least 3 seconds. \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-rear-reset.jpg?654}} \\ \\  
-  - Now, reset the router to factory defaults. Press the Reset button on the back of the router for at least 3 seconds. \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-rear-reset.jpg?654}} \\ \\  +  - The router erases NVRAM and reboots again. It should now be ready configuration/use.
-  - The router will erase NVRAM and reboot again. It should now be ready for you to configure it for use.+
  
  \\  \\
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  \\  \\
  
-  * SDK6 MIPS & ARM Models (like the Asus RT-N18U or RT-AC68U): \\ Since release 2022.3, you can upgrade from AsusWRT to FreshTomato or vice versa via the web interface. +  * SDK6 MIPS & ARM Models (like the Asus RT-N18U or RT-AC68U): \\ Since release 2022.3, you can upgrade from AsusWRT to FreshTomato \\ or vice versa via the web interface. 
-  * SDK7 routers (like RT-AC3200) and SDK714 routers (like the RT-AC5300, RT-AC3100): \\ Since release 2022.6, these models support upgrades via the web interface. +  * SDK7 routers (like RT-AC3200) and SDK714 routers such as \\ the Asus RT-AC5300, RT-AC3100: Since release 2022.6, these models \\ support upgrades via the web interface. 
-  * Asus RT-AC19000U upgrades may require FreshTomato firmware for the Asus RT-AC68U.+  * Asus RT-AC1900U upgrades may require FreshTomato firmware for \\ the Asus RT-AC68U.
  
  \\  \\
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  \\  \\
  
-Asus provides a Windows program called Firmware Restoration. This utility is used to flash firmware or recover from a failed firmware flash. It finds the router's IP address and lets you flash firmware to the router, after you've put the router into Rescue Mode. Rescue Mode is a mode in which the router won't do anything except receive a firmware update.+Asus provides a Windows program called Firmware Restoration. This tool is used to flash firmware or recover from a failed firmware flash. After you put the router in Rescue Mode, the Restoration tool finds the router's IP address and lets you flash firmware to it. Rescue Mode is a mode in which the router won't do anything except receive a firmware update.
  
-For Asus models built in or before 2014, the Firmware Restoration utility will work fine. However, on most Asus models after 2014, Firmware Restoration will not let you flash third-party firmware like FreshTomato. If you try this on newer hardware, the program will simply throw an error saying it's not possible.The reasons indirectly relate to a 2015 decision made by the US FCC (Federal Communications Commission) about changes to wireless features in third-party firmware. For details, see the section below titled: //FCC Regulation Change Affecting Wireless Routers//.+For Asus models built in 2014 and earlier, the Firmware Restoration tool works fine. However, on most Asus models after 2014, Firmware Restoration won't let you flash third-party firmware like FreshTomato. If you try this on newer hardware, the program will simply throw an error saying it's not possible. The reasons indirectly relate to a 2015 decision made by the US FCC (Federal Communications Commission) about changes to wireless features in third-party firmware. 
 + 
 +For details, see the section below titled: //FCC Regulation Change Affecting Wireless Routers//.
  
  \\  \\
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 To flash using the Firmware Restoration utility: To flash using the Firmware Restoration utility:
  
-  - Ensure an Ethernet cable is the only connection between your PC and the router. \\ Disconnect all other Ethernet cables from the router. Other connections can cause problems. \\ Some people have flashed firmware via a Wi-Fi connection. However, for maximum stability, you should flash only via Ethernet. \\ Never attempt to flash firmware via a WAN connection. It involves much higher risk and advanced skill. \\ \\  + \\ 
-  - Download and install Asus Firmware Restoration from the Asus website + 
-    - In the Support section of the Asus website, find your router/hardware model.  +  - Ensure you have only an Ethernet connection between your PC and router. \\ Disconnect all other Ethernet cables from the router-they can cause problems. \\ Some people have flashed via WiFi, but for maximum stability, flash only via Ethernet. \\ Never attempt to flash via a WAN connection. It's risky. \\ \\  
-    - Click "Software and Utility" and specify your Windows version. +  - Download and install Asus Firmware Restoration from the website: 
-    - Find and download the latest version of the Firmware Restoration utility. +    - In the Support section of Asus' website, find your router/hardware model.  
-    - Install the Firmware Restoration utility. \\ \\ +    - Click "Software and Utility" and specify your Windows version. \\ (Windows 11 users may have to choose Windows 10 for the program). 
-  - Download the appropriate FreshTomato image file// // +    - Find/download the latest version of the utility. 
-    - Download an appropriate FreshTomato image file for your router. \\ If you've read the Basic Concepts above, see the [[:faq|FAQ]] for the file naming convention for builds. \\ See the [[:hardware_compatibility|Hardware Compatibility]] wiki page for help choosing an appropriate image file for your hardware. \\ If you're still not sure after reading those, ask for help on the Tomato forum:  [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?forums/tomato-firmware.33/|Tomato Forum]] +    - Install the Firmware Restoration program. \\ \\ 
-    - Download the latest Asus firmware for your router. That way, if the FreshTomato flash fails, you can still flash back to Asus firmware. \\ Remember, without a working router, you might not be able to download firmware on your network until it's working again. \\ \\ +  - Download the appropriate FreshTomato image file:// // 
-  - Clear the NVRAM +    - Download an appropriate FreshTomato image file for your router. \\ If you've read the Basic Concepts above, see the [[:faq|FAQ]] for the file name \\ convention for builds. \\ See the [[:hardware_compatibility|Hardware Compatibility]] wiki page for help choosing \\ an appropriate image file for your hardware. \\ If you're still not sure after reading those, ask for help on \\ the Tomato forum:  [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?forums/tomato-firmware.33/|Tomato Forum]] 
-    - Clear NVRAM by restoring factory defaults in the Asus interface. This resets all settings to defaults and ensures the device has enough memory to perform a flash. The process of clearing NVRAM varies, depending on your model. To wipe NVRAM settings within stock Asus firmware:+    - Download the latest Asus firmware for your router so that if the \\ FreshTomato flash fails, you can flash back to Asus firmware. \\  \\ Remember, with no working router, you might be unable to download \\ firmware on your network until it's working again. \\ \\ 
 +  - Clear the NVRAM: 
 +    - Clear NVRAM by restoring factory defaults in the Asus interface. \\ This resets settings to defaults and ensures \\ there's enough memory to perform a flash. The process of clearing NVRAM \\ varies, depending on your model. \\ To wipe NVRAM settings within stock Asus firmware:
       - Click on the “Administration” menu.       - Click on the “Administration” menu.
       - Click on the “Restore/Save/Upload” Setting tab.       - Click on the “Restore/Save/Upload” Setting tab.
-      - Beside “Factory Default”, click the Restore button. \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-admin-restore_settings.jpg?614|Clearing NVRAM settings in Asus stock firmware}} \\ \\ \\ This method may not always work perfectly. If it fails, try the hardware button method described next. \\ +      - Beside “Factory Default”, click the Restore button. \\ \\ {{::asus_rt-ac68u-admin-restore_settings.jpg?614|Clearing NVRAM settings in Asus stock firmware}} \\ \\ \\ This method may not work perfectly. If it fails, try the hardware button method below. \\ 
-    - To wipe NVRAM on most current Asus models using the hardware button method:+    - Wipe NVRAM on most current Asus models using the hardware button method:
       - Unplug the AC adapter from the back of the router.       - Unplug the AC adapter from the back of the router.
-      - Hold down the WPS button and reinsert the power connector. Continue to hold the WPS button for 30 seconds. +      - Hold down the WPS button and reinsert the power connector. \\ Continue to hold the WPS button for 30 seconds. 
-      - Release the WPS button. All front LEDs should blink once to signal that NVRAM was cleared. \\ If you have trouble, check the user manual or the manufacturer's FAQ for your model. \\ \\ +      - Release the WPS button. All front LEDs should blink once \\ to signal NVRAM was cleared. \\ If you have trouble, check the \\ user manual or the manufacturer's FAQ for your model. \\ \\ 
-  - Configure your PC with a static IP address and disable all WiFi interfaces on your PC.\\ In Rescue Mode, the DHCP server is not available, so your client will need a static IP address.  \\ In some cases, DHCP might prevent Firmware Restoration from completing the flash. \\ In some cases, DHCP prevented connection to the router after flashing, when the DHCP server was not yet available. \\ \\  +  - Configure your PC with a static address and disable all WiFi \\ interfaces on your PC.\\ In Rescue Mode, the DHCP server is not available, so your client \\ will need a static IP address.  \\ In some cases, DHCP might prevent Firmware Restoration from \\ completing the flash. \\ In some cases, DHCP prevents connection to the router after flashing, \\ when the DHCP server isn't yet available. \\ \\  
-  - Enable Rescue Mode on the router. Typically, for Asus routers, this is done as follows:+  - Enable Rescue Mode on the router. Typically, for Asus routers, \\ this is done as follows:
     - Remove the AC adapter plug from the back of the router.     - Remove the AC adapter plug from the back of the router.
-    - Hold down the Reset button while plugging in the power cable again so the power turns on. +    - Hold down the Reset button while plugging in the power cable \\ again so the power turns on. 
-    - Continue to hold Reset until the Power LED starts to slowly flash on and off. +    - Continue to hold Reset until the Power LED starts to slowly flash \\ on and off. 
     - Release the Reset button.     - Release the Reset button.
-    - Move quickly to step 7. Firmware Restoration has a timeout period. If flashing doesn't occur,  \\ you'll have to enable Rescue mode again. \\ \\+    - Move quickly to step 7. Firmware Restoration has a timeout period.\\  If flashing doesn't occur,  \\ you'll have to enable Rescue mode again. \\ \\
   - Flash FreshTomato   - Flash FreshTomato
     - Run Firmware Restoration. Click "Browse..."     - Run Firmware Restoration. Click "Browse..."
     - Select the correct .trx firmware file for your router. Click "Open". \\ \\ {{::asus_firmware_restoration-browse.jpg?637}}  \\ \\      - Select the correct .trx firmware file for your router. Click "Open". \\ \\ {{::asus_firmware_restoration-browse.jpg?637}}  \\ \\ 
-    - Click "Upload". Ignore any warnings that the firmware is incompatible. Click "OK" to the prompt. +    - Click "Upload". Ignore any warnings that the firmware is incompatible. \\ Click "OK" at the prompt. 
-    - The utility should begin scanning for your router device, then slowly uploading the firmware. \\ \\ +    - The utility should begin scanning for your router device, then slowly \\ uploading the firmware. \\ \\ 
-  - Wait until flashing is complete. **The progress bar is not accurate** regarding completion.  \\ Flashing is complete only when the power LED comes back on. \\ Be patient. This portion can take up to 45 minutes. \\ DO NOT PANIC if the program says the upload isn't complete, or if it hangs. Wait another 10 to 15 minutes. \\ When the process is complete, the router should automatically turn on and off. +  - Wait until flashing is complete. **The completion progress bar isn't accurate**.  \\ Flashing is complete only when the power LED comes back on. \\ Be patient. This portion can take up to 45 minutes. \\ DO NOT PANIC if the program says the upload isn't complete, or if it hangs. \\ Wait another 10 to 15 minutes. \\ When the process is complete, the router should automatically turn on and off. 
-    - The router should now respond to communications. Open a web browser to 192.168.1.1 and net mask: 255.255.255.0 . \\ You should see a login screen. Enter username: “root”, and password “admin” to log on.\\ \\+    - The router should now let clients connect. Open a web browser to: \\ "192.168.1.1" and net mask: "255.255.255.0". \\ You should see a login screen. Enter username: “root”, and password: \\ “admin” to log on.\\ \\
   - From within FreshTomato, clear NVRAM contents again:    - From within FreshTomato, clear NVRAM contents again: 
     - Under Administration, click Configuration.     - Under Administration, click Configuration.
-    - Under Restore Default Configuration, select //Erase all data in NVRAM memory(thorough)//. Click "OK". \\ \\ {{freshtomato-erase_nvram.jpg?654}}+    - In Restore Default Configuration, choose //Erase all data in NVRAM memory//. Click "OK". \\ \\ {{freshtomato-erase_nvram.jpg?654}}
  
  \\ At this point, the router should function properly.  \\ At this point, the router should function properly.
  
-Sometimes on the first boot after flashing, FreshTomato may seem buggy or strange things may happen.+ \\ 
 + 
 +Sometimes on the first boot after a flash, FreshTomato may seem buggy or weird things might happen.
  
 In such cases: In such cases:
  
   - Reboot the router once or twice more.    - Reboot the router once or twice more. 
-  - Clear your browser cache before putting the router into operation. Web browsers may cache data that shouldn't be cached. +  - Clear your browser cache before putting the router in operation. \\ Web browsers may cache data that shouldn't be cached. 
-  - Refresh the page. Any problems caused by cached browser data should be gone.+  - Refresh the page. Any problems caused by cached browser data \\ should disappear. 
 + 
 + \\
  
 If problems persist, try the following: If problems persist, try the following:
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   - Reboot the router at least twice more.   - Reboot the router at least twice more.
  
-If the router is still acting strangely at that point, it is advised that you request help on the Tomato Web forum.+ \\ 
 + 
 +If the router still acts strangely at that point, you should request help on the Tomato Web forum.
  
  \\  \\
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 ==== TFTP Method ==== ==== TFTP Method ====
  
-"Trivial File Transfer Protocol" is a small utility for transferring files between hosts on a TCP/IP network. It lets you upload firmware images to a router. There are command-line and graphical tftp client programs available. Windows includes a tftp program for the command line.+"Trivial File Transfer Protocol" is a small utility that transfers files between hosts on a TCP/IP network. It lets you upload firmware images to a router. There are command-line and graphical tftp client programs available. Windows includes a tftp program for the command line.
  
-The TFTP method is useful when the manufacturer's firmware blocks other methods of upgrade from the stock (original) firmware.+The TFTP method may work when the vendor's firmware blocks other upgrade methods from the original firmware. 
 + 
 + \\
  
 To prepare to flash via tftp: To prepare to flash via tftp:
  
-  * Reset the router's NVRAM to defaults, as described above.  + \\ 
-  * Put the router into Rescue Mode, as described above. + 
-  * Put the FreshTomato firmware file in the same folder as your tftp program. +  - Reset the router NVRAM to defaults, as described above.  
-  * Open a command prompt, and change directories to the folder containing the firmware. +  - Put the router into Rescue Mode, as described above. 
-  * Type ''“tftp –I  PUT filename.trx <IP address of router>"''  but **DO NOT** press Enter. +  - Put the FreshTomato firmware file in the same folder as your \\ tftp program. 
-    * (Replace "filename.trx" with the name of an appropriate image file for your model) +  - Open a command prompt, and change directories to the folder \\ containing the firmware. Then type: \\ ''“tftp –I  PUT filename.trx <IP address of router>"''  \\ but **DO NOT** press Enter. 
-  * Unplug the AC adapter from the router. +  - (Replace "filename.trx" with an appropriate image file name for \\ your model) 
-  * Hold down the Reset button while reconnecting the AC adapter. +  - Unplug the AC adapter from the router. Hold down the Reset button \\ while reconnecting the AC adapter. 
-  * When the power light starts slowly blinking, let go of the Reset button. +  - When the power light starts slowly blinking, let go of the Reset button. 
-  * Press enter at the command line above to start the tftp upload process. +  - Press enter at the above command line to start the tftp upload process. 
-  * Wait at least 10 minutes for the upload to complete. +  - Wait at least 10 minutes for the upload to complete. 
-  * If flashing is successful, you will be taken to the FreshTomato logon screen +  - If successful, you'll be taken to the FreshTomato logon screen. 
-  * Log on to the FreshTomato web interface and reset NVRAM, as in the screenshot above.+  - Log on to FreshTomato and reset NVRAM, as in the above screenshot. 
 + 
 + \\
  
-Note that Rescue Mode has a timeout period, so there is a limit as to how long you have to upload the firmware. If the timeout period expires, you may need to put the hardware into Rescue Mode again and restart the flashing process.+Rescue Mode has a timeout period that limits how long you have to start firmware upload. If the timeout expires, you may need to put the hardware into Rescue Mode again and restart the flashing process.
  
  \\ \\  \\ \\
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 ==== Broadcom CFE miniWebserver Method ==== ==== Broadcom CFE miniWebserver Method ====
- 
-TBD. 
  
 {{:broadcom-cfe-miniwebserver.jpg?615}} {{:broadcom-cfe-miniwebserver.jpg?615}}
 +
 + \\
 +
 +Modern routers use CFE (Common Firmware Environment) for bootstrapping.
 +
 +For some Broadcom devices, CFE is preset to run the convenient miniWeb server interface (shown above). CFE lets you install any compatible firmware on your device, making the router largely "unbrickable".
 +
 +When CFE loads, it sets the router's address to: 192.168.1.1. You can connect to it by setting your client Ethernet interface with an address in the same subnet (192.168.1.2) and entering the above address in a browser. CFE has a timeout period, so you need to reset the router and access it before it decides to load any custom/stock firmware on the device.
 +
 +If Freshtomato is already installed, you can change the CFE timeout by changing the// Boot Wait Time// parameter in the [[advanced-misc|Miscellaneous]] menu.
 +
 +CFE can also be accessed by using a console/command prompt and connecting via a USB-to-serial interface. However, that is appropriate only for advanced users with special (but cheap) equipment.\\
 +
 + \\
  
  
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 ==== Flashing when Tomato is already installed. ==== ==== Flashing when Tomato is already installed. ====
  
-If your hardware has a fork of Tomato already installed, you can simply use the //Administration///[[admin-upgrade|Upgrade]] menu in (Fresh)Tomato's web interface to upgrade to FreshTomato.+If your router has a Tomato fork already installed, you can use the //Administration///[[admin-upgrade|Upgrade]] menu in the web interface to upgrade to FreshTomato.
  
 + \\
  
-==== Flashing From Stock (OEM) Firmware ==== 
  
-Flashing Linksys hardware can, in some cases, be a little more complicated than flashing other brands of hardware. It is recommended that you first check the Notes section of the [[hardware_compatibility|Hardware compatibility]] list for important details before flashing. This section includes warnings about important issues such as NVRAM sizes/limitations, CFE modifications which might be required, hardware revisions and more.+==== Flashing from Stock (OEM) Firmware ====
  
-Some models might need to be flashed with a special "initial" firmware build first before you can install a regular FreshTomato build. Please read about this above **before** installing FreshTomato.+In some cases, flashing Linksys gear is a bit more complicated than flashing other brands. Before flashing, you're advised to read the Notes section in the [[hardware_compatibility|Hardware compatibility]] list for important details. This includes important warnings about NVRAM size/limitations, CFE modifications that might be required, hardware revisions and more.
  
-There are no official wiki HOWTOs for flashing Linksys hardware. However, there are several unofficial HOWTOs on the Tomato forum which have been used successfully many times:+Some models might need to be flashed with a special "initial" firmware build first before you can install a regular FreshTomato build. Please read about this (above) **before** flashing. 
 + 
 + \\ 
 + 
 +There is no official HOWTO for flashing Linksys hardware. However, these unofficial HOWTOs on the forum have been worked many times: 
 + 
 + \\
  
 === For models: === === For models: ===
 +
 + \\
  
   * ea6200   * ea6200
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 === For models: === === For models: ===
 +
 + \\
  
   * ea6300v1   * ea6300v1
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 [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?threads/guide-flash-linksys-ea6300v1-ea6400-ea6500v2-ea6700-ea6900v1-0-1-1-with-tomato.73877/|How to flash Linksys EA6300v1, EA6400, EA6500v2, EA6700, EA6900v1.0/1.1 with Tomato]] [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?threads/guide-flash-linksys-ea6300v1-ea6400-ea6500v2-ea6700-ea6900v1-0-1-1-with-tomato.73877/|How to flash Linksys EA6300v1, EA6400, EA6500v2, EA6700, EA6900v1.0/1.1 with Tomato]]
  
- \\ If you you are still not sure how to proceed, it is recommended that you post an inquiry on the [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?forums/tomato-firmware.33/|Tomato forum]] to avoid problems.+ \\  \\
  
-You are also advised to read the Notes section at the bottom of this page for more details on general flashing basics.+If you're still not sure what to do, post an question on the [[https://www.linksysinfo.org/index.php?forums/tomato-firmware.33/|Tomato forum]] to avoid problems. 
 + 
 +You should also read the Notes section at the bottom of this page for details on general flashing basics.
  
  
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 === When Netgear firmware is already installed === === When Netgear firmware is already installed ===
  
-If you have a Netgear R-series router with Netgear firmware installed, **you must** first flash with one of the "Netgear R-series initial" files. Once you have an R-series initial FreshTomato build installed, you can then upgrade FreshTomato to newer versions using regular build files. The initial .zip file contains a firmware file with a .chk file extension. The original Netgear firmware can use that file to install FreshTomato.+If you have a R-series router with stock firmware installed, **you must** first flash with a "Netgear R-series initial" file. Once you have an initial FreshTomato build installed, you can then upgrade to new versions using normal build files. The initial .zip file contains a file with ".chk" file extension. You can install that initial file via the original Netgear firmware.
  
-As an example, the following steps review the process for flashing an R7000 with an initial build, and then a normal build.+For example: the following steps list the process for flashing an R7000 with an initial build, and then a normal build.
  
  \\  \\
  
-First, download the two files you'll need to flash the R7000:+First, download the 2 files you'll need to flash the R7000: 
 + 
 + \\
  
 The "R-series initial file" for R7000: The "R-series initial file" for R7000:
  
-[[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/Netgear%20initial%20files/freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.zip|https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/Netgear%20initial%20files/freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.zip]]+[[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/Netgear%20initial%20files/freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.zip|/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/Netgear%20initial%20files/freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.zip]]
  
-This .zip file has the following MD5SUM value:  ec63c869fe14f5b46cbb13813c1699bf+This .zip file has MD5SUM value: e3ef483d088215e9abe4888e0dd36d37
  
  \\  \\
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 The normal R7000 AIO build file: The normal R7000 AIO build file:
  
-[[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/K26ARM/freshtomato-R7000-ARM-2023.2-AIO-64K.zip|https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/K26ARM/freshtomato-R7000-ARM-2023.2-AIO-64K.zip]]+[[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/K26ARM/freshtomato-R7000-ARM-2023.2-AIO-64K.zip|/downloads/freshtomato-arm/2023/2023.2/K26ARM/freshtomato-R7000-ARM-2023.2-AIO-64K.zip]]
  
-This .zip file has the following MD5SUM value: ec63c869fe14f5b46cbb13813c1699bf+This .zip file has MD5SUM value: ec63c869fe14f5b46cbb13813c1699bf
  
  \\  \\
  
-Verify integrity of both .zip files by running a hash check program against them. On Windows, HashMyFiles works well.+Run a hash check program against both files to check their integrity. On Windows, HashMyFiles works.
  
-If the MD5 has found in the hash check program matches the number listed above, the file is good. If it does not match the value above, the file has been corrupted during download and should be downloaded again. Do not flash using the contents of .zip files that fail a hash check.+If the hash check program finds an MD5 matching the number above, the file is good. If it does not match, the file was corrupted during download and should be downloaded again. 
 + 
 +**Do not** flash using the contents of .zip files that fail a hash check.
  
  \\  \\
  
-Now, unzip the .zip files. The two files inside should look like this (for this particular router model/release of FreshTomato).+Now, unzip the .zip files. The contents should look like this (for this specific router/FreshTomato release):
  
 ''freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.chk'' ''freshtomato-R7000-2023.2-initial-64K.chk''
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   * NVRAM: The R7000 contains 64KB   * NVRAM: The R7000 contains 64KB
   * AIO = All in One build (contains all feature available).   * AIO = All in One build (contains all feature available).
-  * Thus, we choose firmware with filename freshtomato-R7000-ARM-[version]-AIO-64K.trx (only after we flash an initial build).+  * Thus, we choose firmware with filename: \\ freshtomato-R7000-ARM-[version]-AIO-64K.trx (**only after** we've flashed an initial build).
  
  \\  \\
  
-Now, let's perform the flash procedure:+Now, perform the flash procedure:
  
  \\  \\
  
-  - Connect an Ethernet cable to a LAN port on your router and your computer's Ethernet port. **Do NOT** use WiFi. \\ \\  +  - Connect your PC and your router via an Ethernet cable. \\ **Do NOT** use WiFi. \\ \\  
-  - Disconnect all other Ethernet connections. \\ \\  +  - Disconnect all other Ethernet cables. \\ \\  
-  - Power on the router. Wait 2-5 minutes for it to finish booting. \\ \\  +  - Power on the router. Wait 2-5 minutes until it finishes booting. \\ \\  
-  - Reset the router to defaults by holding down Reset with a paperclip for 30 seconds. Follow the user guide for specifics.\\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-reset-button.jpg?639}} \\ \\ +  - Reset the router to factory defaults by holding down Reset with a paperclip \\ for 30 seconds. Follow the user guide for specifics.\\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-reset-button.jpg?639}} \\ \\ 
   - Wait again 2-5 minutes until the router finishes rebooting. \\ \\ \\ \\    - Wait again 2-5 minutes until the router finishes rebooting. \\ \\ \\ \\ 
-  - Open a Web browser and enter: 192.168.1.1 . Log on with your current Username/Password. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-logon_prompt.jpg?640}} \\ \\ \\ \\  +  - Open a browser and type: 192.168.1.1. Log on with your Username/Password. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-logon_prompt.jpg?640}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Now disable DHCP. Go to Advanced--> LAN Setup and uncheck "Use Router as DHCP Server" and Save. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r70000-lan_settings-disable_dhcp.jpg?635}} \\ \\ \\ \\  +  - Disable DHCP. Go to Advanced--> LAN Setup and uncheck "Use Router as DHCP Server". \\ Click Save.\\ \\ {{::netgear-r70000-lan_settings-disable_dhcp.jpg?635}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Go to the Advanced TAB > Administration > Router update. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-router_update-browse-highlight.jpg?635}} +  - Go to the Advanced TAB > Administration > Router update. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-router_update-browse-highlight.jpg?635}}  \\  
-    - Browse to the .CHK file above (freshtomato-R7000-20xx.x-initial-64K.chk) then click UPLOAD. \\ \\ \\ \\ +    - Browse to the .CHK file above (freshtomato-R7000-20xx.x-initial-64K.chk) then click UPLOAD. \\ \\ \\ \\
   - When prompted to continue, click OK. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-router_update-continue_prompt-2023.2.jpg?603}} \\ \\    - When prompted to continue, click OK. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-router_update-continue_prompt-2023.2.jpg?603}} \\ \\ 
-  - At the Router Update Warning screen, click YES. Then, the screen shows: "The Router is updating its firmware". \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-firmware-the_router_is_updating_firmware.jpg?609}} \\ \\  +  - At the Router Update screen, click YES. The screen shows: "The Router is updating its firmware". \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-firmware-the_router_is_updating_firmware.jpg?609}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - The Router Update screen then shows: "Rebooting the router now, please wait" \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-rebooting_the_router_please_wait.jpg?608}} \\ \\  +  - The Router Update screen then shows: "Rebooting the router now, please wait". \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-rebooting_the_router_please_wait.jpg?608}} \\ \\  
-  - Wait 2-5 minutes until presented with a login. **Do NOT** log on.  +  - Wait 2-5 minutes until you're presented with a login. **Do NOT** log on.  
-    - If your PC's IP address changes to 169.254.x.x, Windows configured that address, as it can't find a DHCP server.  +    - If the PC address changes to: "169.254.x.x", Windows set that \\ because it couldn't find a DHCP server.  
-    - Wait 5 minutes, and proceed with the next step.\\ \\ +    - Wait 5 minutes, then go to the next step.\\ \\ \\ \\ 
-  - Press the Reset button once briefly with a paper clip.  \\ \\ {{netgear-r7000-reset-button.jpg?639}} \\ \\  +  - Press the Reset button once briefly with a paper clip.  \\ \\ {{netgear-r7000-reset-button.jpg?639}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - While the router reboots, configure your PC with a static IP address of 192.168.1.9 and a gateway of 192.168.1.1 .  +  - As the router reboots, configure your PC with a static address: "192.168.1.9" \\ and gateway: "192.168.1.1".  
-    - This step may not be necessary, as the router should be running DHCP, and should assign your PC an IP address. \\ \\+    - This step may not be needed, as the router should be running DHCP, \\ and should assign your PC an IP address. \\ \\ \\ \\
   - Ping the router's IP address to verify that it finished rebooting: "ping -t 192.168.1.1" . \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-ping_check_1.png?600}} \\ \\    - Ping the router's IP address to verify that it finished rebooting: "ping -t 192.168.1.1" . \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-ping_check_1.png?600}} \\ \\ 
-    - Wait until the ping results show that it rebooted ("Destination Host Unreachable") and reconnected ("64 bytes from...") twice. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-ping_check_2.png?600}} \\ \\  +    - Wait until the ping results show that it rebooted ("Destination Host Unreachable") \\ and reconnected ("64 bytes from...") twice. \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-ping_check_2.png?600}} \\ \\  
-    - Flashing is finished, and with the router rebooted, you can connect to its Web interface. \\ \\ +    - Flashing is finished. With the router rebooted, you can connect to its Web interface.\\ \\ \\ \\ 
-  - In a web browser, enter: 192.168.1.1 .  Enter Username: "root", Password: "admin". \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-freshtomato_logon_prompt.jpg?600}} \\ \\ +  - In a web browser, enter: "192.168.1.1". Enter Username: "root", Password: "admin".\\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-freshtomato_logon_prompt.jpg?600}} \\ \\ 
   - If this fails:   - If this fails:
 +    - In some initial firmware releases, the username is "admin" and \\ the password is "@newdig"
     - Use a private browser (incognito) window.     - Use a private browser (incognito) window.
     - Clear the browser cache.     - Clear the browser cache.
-    - You probably didn't reset the device, or you didn't wait long enough. Please repeat Step 13. \\ \\ +    - You probably didn't reset the device, or you wait long enough. \\ Please repeat Step 13. \\ \\ \\ \\ 
-  - You should now be logged in. You should see "System" on the Overview menu.  \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-first_logon-overview-2023.2.jpg?648}} \\ \\  +  - You should now be logged in. You should see "System" on the Overview menu.  \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-first_logon-overview-2023.2.jpg?648}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Under Configuration > Restore Default Configuration > select "Erase all data in NVRAM memory". \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-erase_nvram_thorough-2023.2_initial.jpg?584}} \\ \\  +  - Under Configuration > Restore Default Configuration > choose "Erase all data in NVRAM memory". \\ Click OK.  \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-erase_nvram_thorough-2023.2_initial.jpg?584}} \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - You should see: "Please wait while the defaults are restored..." \\ \\ {{::netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_defaults_are_restored.jpg?600}} \\ \\ +  - Now, you should see: "Please wait while the defaults are restored..." \\ \\ {{::netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_defaults_are_restored.jpg?600}} \\ \\ 
   - Eventually, the initial build is installed and NVRAM cleared. Now, upgrade to a normal build. \\ \\    - Eventually, the initial build is installed and NVRAM cleared. Now, upgrade to a normal build. \\ \\ 
-  - Continue (or open) 192.168.1.1 in a browser window. \\ \\  +  - Continue in (or open) "192.168.1.1" in a browser window. \\ \\ \\  \\  
-  - Under Administration > Firmware Upgrade, click Browse... and find the .TRX firmware file above.  \\ \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-upgrade_firmware-initial-2023.2.jpg?600}} +  - Under Administration > Firmware Upgrade, click Browse... and find the .TRX file above.  \\ \\ {{::netgear-r7000-upgrade_firmware-initial-2023.2.jpg?600}} \\  
-  - This was the .trx file at the time this was written. Select it. Now, click Upgrade. \\ \\  +  - This was the .trx file at the time this was written. Select it, then click Upgrade. \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Wait..You will see a timer, and: "Please wait while the firmware is uploaded and flashed." \\ \\ \\ {{::netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_firmware_is_flashed.jpg?600}} \\ \\  +  - Wait. You'll see a timer, and: "Please wait while the firmware is uploaded and flashed." \\ \\ {{::netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_firmware_is_flashed.jpg?600}} \\ \\ \\   
-  - Wait...You'll see "Image successfully flashed. Then you'll see: "Please wait while the router reboots..." and a countdown. \\ \\ \\ {{::freshtomato-please_wait_while_the_router_reboots.jpg?600}} \\ \\  +  - Wait. You'll see "Image successfully flashed. Then you'll see: "Please wait \\ while the router reboots..." and a countdown. \\ \\  {{::freshtomato-please_wait_while_the_router_reboots.jpg?600}} \\ \\  
-  - Eventually, you'll be asked to Click "continue". Do so, and you'll be returned to FreshTomato's main menu. \\ \\  +  - Eventually, you'll be asked to Click "continue". Do so, and you return to \\ FreshTomato's main menu. \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Under Administration > Configuration > select "Erase all data in NVRAM memory", click OK. \\ \\  \\ {{netgear-r7000-erase_nvram_thorough-2023.2_initial.jpg?584}} \\ \\  +  - Under Administration > Configuration > select "Erase all data in NVRAM memory", \\ and click OK. \\ \\ {{netgear-r7000-erase_nvram_thorough-2023.2_initial.jpg?584}} \\ \\  
-  - You should see: "Please wait while the defaults are restored..." and a countdown timer. \\ \\  +  - You should see: "Please wait while the defaults are restored.." and a countdown timer. \\ \\ \\ \\  
-  - Eventually, you should be be prompted to click "Continue". Click "Continue". \\ \\ \\ {{netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_defaults_are_restored.jpg?613}} \\ \\  +  - Eventually, you should be be prompted to click "Continue". Click "Continue". \\ \\ {{netgear_r7000-please_wait_while_the_defaults_are_restored.jpg?613}} \\ \\ \\  
-  - You should now be back at the Upgrade Firmware menu. The flashing process is complete. \\ \\+  - You should now be back at the Upgrade Firmware menu. The flashing \\ process is complete. \\ \\
  
  \\  \\
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 === When FreshTomato is already installed === === When FreshTomato is already installed ===
  
-If you already have FreshTomato installed on your Netgear, you can upgrade to newer releases using regular build files. These .zip files contain firmware files ending with the .trx file extension.+If you have FreshTomato installed on your Netgear, you can upgrade to new releases using regular build files. These .zip archives contain firmware files ending with the .trx file extension.
  
  
 ==== Flashing Netgear Routers back to Original Netgear (Genie) Firmware ==== ==== Flashing Netgear Routers back to Original Netgear (Genie) Firmware ====
  
-A Netgear router with FreshTomato installed cannot be directly flashed back to original Netgear firmware with normal builds. Some Netgear models can be flashed back to Netgear firmware using special builds called "Netgear back to OFW" builds. You can check if your Netgear model is supported in the "Netgear Back to OFW" folder in the appropriate FreshTomato downloads folder: +A Netgear router with FreshTomato installed can't be directly flashed back to original Netgear firmware from within normal builds. Some Netgear models can be flashed back to Netgear firmware using special "Netgear back to OFW" builds. Check if your Netgear model is supported in the "Netgear Back to OFW" folder in the appropriate FreshTomato downloads folder: 
 + \\ 
 [[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/Netgear%20back%20to%20OFW/|"Netgear back to OFW" firmware]] [[https://freshtomato.org/downloads/freshtomato-arm/Netgear%20back%20to%20OFW/|"Netgear back to OFW" firmware]]
  
  
 +===== FCC Regulation Change Affecting Wireless Routers =====
  
 +In 2015, The US FCC (Federal Communications Commission) passed legislation designed to block people from changing certain WiFi settings, to avoid radio interference with other devices. WiFi radio power had to be implemented in hardware so that end users couldn't modify it. For example, the FCC wanted to make sure end users didn't override country settings or power limits which might affect radio power.
  
 +Some hardware vendors reacted to the legislation in an extreme way, blocking third-party firmware from being flashed at all. (The FCC //did not// actually require anything like this). As a result, some companies' hardware could not be flashed with third-party firmware from within the factory firmware interface. If you tried to do so, you'd simply receive an error stating it wasn't possible.  This resulted in a lot of controversy.
  
-===== FCC Regulation Change Affecting Wireless Routers ===== + \\
- +
-Starting in 2015, The US FCC (Federal Communications Commission) passed legislation designed to block people from changing certain Wi-Fi settings, to avoid creating radio interference with other devices. Wi-Fi radio power had to be implemented in hardware so end users could not modify it. For example, the FCC wanted to make sure end users didn't override country settings or power limits. +
- +
-Some hardware vendors reacted to the legislation in an extreme way, blocking third-party firmware from being flashed entirely. It's important to note that FCC //did not// require anything like this. Some companies' hardware could not be flashed with third-party firmware from within the interface of the stock firmware. If you tried to do so, you'd simply receive an error stating it wasn't possible.  This resulted in a lot of controversy.+
  
 ArsTechnica.com: FCC: Open source router software is still legal under certain conditions:  \\  [[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/fcc-open-source-router-software-is-still-legal-under-certain-conditions/]] ArsTechnica.com: FCC: Open source router software is still legal under certain conditions:  \\  [[https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/09/fcc-open-source-router-software-is-still-legal-under-certain-conditions/]]
  
  \\  SLATE: FCC Support for hackable routers is a win for all of us:  \\  [[https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/fcc-support-for-hackable-wireless-routers-is-a-win-for-all-of-us.html]]  \\  SLATE: FCC Support for hackable routers is a win for all of us:  \\  [[https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/fcc-support-for-hackable-wireless-routers-is-a-win-for-all-of-us.html]]
 +
  
 ===== Installing FreshTomato Notes ===== ===== Installing FreshTomato Notes =====
  
-  * Some devices might need to be flashed with a special "initial" firmware build first before you can install a regular FreshTomato build. Please read about this above **before** installing FreshTomato. +  * Some devices must be flashed with a special "initial" firmware build first before you can install a regular FreshTomato build. Please read about this above **before** installing FreshTomato. 
-  * On some models, like the Asus-AC3200, you should first install a specific version of stock firmware to get the full 128K of NVRAM formatted before attempting FreshTomato installation. Failing to do so will limit NVRAM to 64KB. The same applies to other models, to obtain their full 64K instead of only 32K.+  * On some models, like the Asus-AC3200, you should first install a specific version of stock firmware to get the full 128K of NVRAM formatted before attempting FreshTomato installation. Failing to do so will limit the NVRAM to 64KB. The same applies to other models, to obtain their full 64K instead of only 32K.
   * On some models, flashing may take a long time, as much as 10-15 minutes before FreshTomato is ready. Occasionally, you may need to power cycle and even press the physical factory reset button to make FreshTomato boot properly after flashing. This generally only happens once.   * On some models, flashing may take a long time, as much as 10-15 minutes before FreshTomato is ready. Occasionally, you may need to power cycle and even press the physical factory reset button to make FreshTomato boot properly after flashing. This generally only happens once.
   * If other methods fail, flashing via TFTP is almost always possible. This requires an Ethernet connection, TFTP server software running on router and a TFTP client program on the client device. Generally, this should be attempted only as a last resort, when all other methods have failed.   * If other methods fail, flashing via TFTP is almost always possible. This requires an Ethernet connection, TFTP server software running on router and a TFTP client program on the client device. Generally, this should be attempted only as a last resort, when all other methods have failed.
  
  
firmware_basics_procedures.1699804658.txt.gz · Last modified: by hogwild

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